SPACEBORN : Medicinal Mushroom Masterpiece 200:1
September 12, 2022
Red (Yellow Letters) Mug
November 24, 2022
FORCE FIELD : EMF / Radiation Blocker 200:1
$275.00
Introducing
Interstellar Blend ™
FORCE FIELD
EMF / radiation BLOCKER
200:1 Concentration
featuring: Â-Carotene • Acanthopanax Senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms Extract • Acanthopanax Senticosus( Rupr. Et Maxim)Harms Extracteleutheroside B+E • Acemannan • Acorus Calamus Linn • Adhatoda Vasica (L) Nees Leaves • Aegle Marmelos Fruit • Ageratum Conyzoides Linn. • Aloe Barbadensis • Aloe Vera Extract Polysaccharide • Angelica Sinensis Extract Polysaccharide • Anthocyanin (Grape Skin) • Artemisiae Herba • Astragalus Membranaceus • Auricularia Auricula • Azadirachta Indica • Bamboo Leaf • Blueberry Anthocyanins • Boerhaavia Diffusa • Bonnemaisonia Hamifera • Broken Ganoderma Lucidum Spores Powder • Brownea Grandiceps (Jacq.) • Caffeic Acid • Calendula Officinalis Flowers • Camellia Sinensis • Chamomile (Matricaria Recutita L. • Chrysanthemum Indicum L. • Chrysophyllum Cainito L • Clerodendron Infortunatum • Codonopsis Pilosula • Crocetin From Gardenia Fruit • Curcuma Longa • Ectoin • Egcg • Emblica Officinalis • Empetrum Nigrum Var. Japonicum • Epicatechin • Ferulic Acid • Ficus Racemosa Stem Bark • French Maritime Pine Bark Extract, Flavangenol • Fucodiphlorethol G Purified From Ecklonia Cava • Ganoderma Lucidum • Garlic • Genistein • Geraniin • Ginkgo Biloba L • Gpc (Grape Procyanidins) • Grewia Asiatica • Hemidesmus Indicus • Hippophae Rhamnoides • Houttuynia Cordata • Ih636 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin • Ishige Okamurae • Juglans Regia • Korean Red Ginseng • L-Cysteine • Laminaria Japonica Extract • Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort Extract • Linum Usitatissimum • Lonicera Japonica • Lutein • Lycium Ruthenicum Murr • Lycopene • Mentha Arvensis • Mentha Piperita • Moringa Oleifera Leaf • N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine • Nelumbo Nucifera • Nicotinamide • Nigella Sativa L. • Ocimum Sanctum • Olive Leaf • Ophiopogon Japonicus • Opuntia Ficus Indica • Paeonia Lactiflora • Panax Ginseng • Panax Notoginseng • Panaxotriol • Persea Americana • Phycocyanin • Phyllanthus Amarus • Pilea Microphylla • Piper Betel Leaf • Podophyllotoxin • Podophyllum Hexandrum • Polygonatum Odoratum • Polygonum Aviculare • Polyporus Umbellatus • Pomegranate Peel • Poria Cocos • Porphyra Haitanensis • Potassium Iodide • Pothomorphe Umbellata • Propolis • Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) • Quince (Cydonia Oblonga Miller) Leaf • Radix Adenophorae • Rajgira (Amaranthus Paniculatus • Rehmannia Glutinosa • Resveratrol • Rh-3 (A Preparation Of Hippophae Rhamnoides) • Rheum Officinale Baill. • Rhodiola Rosea • Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L. • Rubia Cordifolia L. • Saussurea Involucrata • Scallop Polypeptide • Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) Fruit • Semen Coicis Extract • Semen Sesami Nigrum Extract • Sesamol • Silk Cocoon Extract • Sodium Alginate • Styela Clava Tunics • Sulforaphane • Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) Seed • Terminalia Chebula • Tinospora Cordifolia • Tremella Fuciformis Berk Extract • Vitamin A • Vitamin E • Vitis Vinifera L. Leaves • Withania Somnifera • Yeast Polysaccharides • Zataria Multiflora • Ziziphus Zizyphus Extract • Α-Lipoic Acid •
Radioprotective role of natural polyphenols: From sources to mechanisms
The identification and development of radioprotective agents have emerged as a subject matter of research during recent years due to the growing usage of ionizing radiation in different areas of human life. Previous work on synthetic radioprotectors has achieved limited progress because of the numerous issues associated with toxicity. Compounds extracted from plants have the potential to serve as lead candidates for developing ideal radioprotectors due to their low cost, safety, and selectivity. Polyphenols are the most abundant and commonly dispersed group of biologically active molecules possessing a broad range of pharmacological activities. Polyphenols have displayed efficacy for radioprotection during various investigations and can be administered at high doses with lesser toxicity. Detoxification of free radicals, modulating inflammatory responses, DNA repair, stimulation of hematopoietic recovery, and immune functions are the main mechanisms for radiation protection with polyphenols. Epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, apigenin, caffeic acid phenylethylester, and silibinin provide cytoprotection together with the suppression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines owing to their free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, gallic acid, and rutin’s radioprotective properties are regulated primarily by the direct or indirect decline in cellular stress. Thus, polyphenols may serve as potential candidates for radioprotection in the near future; however, extensive investigations are still required to better understand their protection mechanisms.
Prevention from radiation damage by natural products
Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment since decades. Ionizing radiation (IR) is used for destruction of cancer cells and shrinkage of tumors. However, the increase of radioresistance in cancer cells and radiation toxicity to normal tissues are severe concerns. The exposure to radiation generates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to DNA damage by lipid peroxidation, removal of thiol groups from cellular and membrane proteins, strand breaks and base alterations.
Hypothesis: Plants have to deal with radiation-induced damage (UV-light of sun, other natural radiation sources). Therefore, it is worth speculating that radioprotective mechanisms have evolved during evolution of life. We hypothesize that natural products from plants may also protect from radiation damage caused as adverse side effects of cancer radiotherapy.
Methods: The basis of this systematic review, we searched the relevant literature in the PubMed database.
Results: Flavonoids, such as genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, apigenin and silibinin mainly act as antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory compounds, thus, providing cytoprotection in addition to downregulation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparable effects have been found in phenylpropanoids, especially caffeic acid phenylethylester, curcumin, thymol and zingerone. Besides, resveratrol and quercetin are the most important cytoprotective polyphenols. Their radioprotective effects are mediated by a wide range of mechanisms mainly leading to direct or indirect reduction of cellular stress. Ascorbic acid is broadly used as antioxidant, but it has also shown activity in reducing cellular damage after irradiation mainly due to its antioxidant capabilities. The metal ion chelator, gallic acid, represents another natural product attenuating cellular damage caused by radiation.
Conclusions: Some secondary metabolites from plants reveal radioprotective features against cellular damage caused by irradiation. These results warrant further analysis to develop phytochemicals as radioprotectors for clinical use.
Radiation protection and mitigation by natural antioxidants and flavonoids: implications to radiotherapy and radiation disasters
Background: Nowadays, ionizing radiations are used for various medical and terroristic aims. These purposes involve exposure to ionizing radiations. Hence, people are at risk for acute or late effects. Annually, millions of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy during their course of treatment. Also, some radiological or nuclear events in recent years pose a threat to people, hence the need for radiation mitigation strategies. Amifostine, the first FDA approved radioprotector, has shown some toxicities that limit its usage and efficiency. Due to these side effects, scientists have researched for other agents with less toxicity for better radioprotection and possible mitigation of the lethal effects of ionizing radiations after an accidental exposure. Flavonoids have shown promising results for radioprotection and can be administered in higher doses with less toxicity. Studies for mitigation of ionizing radiation-induced toxicities have concentrated on natural antioxidants. Detoxification of free radicals, management of inflammatory responses and attenuation of apoptosis signaling pathways in radiosensitive organs are the main mechanisms for radiation protection and mitigation with flavonoids and natural antioxidants. However, several studies have proposed that a combination in the form of some antioxidants may alleviate radiation toxicities more effectively in comparison to a single form of antioxidants.
Conclusion: In this review, we focus on recent findings about natural radioprotectors and mitigators which are clinically applicable for radiotherapy patients, as well as injured people in possible radiation accidents.
An overview of the cellular mechanisms of flavonoids radioprotective effects
Considering the remarkable application of radiotherapy in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases and even nuclear war, it is important to protect healthy tissues and people at risk from the radiation. Currently, there is no ideal and safe radioprotective agent available and we are seeing a great effort to find these agents from natural sources. Phenolic compounds, as well as flavonoid, are presented widely as the second metabolite in plants and they have been considered for investigation according to their benefits for human health, healing and preventing many disorders. The major bioactive benefits of flavonoids include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-aging, anti-bacterial and viral, neuroprotection and radioprotective effects. Their lower toxicity and oral administration have made it suitable for radiotherapy patient, radiation, military forces, and even the general public. This review attempts to provide a summary of the main molecular mechanisms involved in flavonoid radio-protective effects. Data of these studies will provide a comprehensive perspective to flavonoids and can help to optimize their effects in radioprotection procedures.
Phytochemicals as radioprotective agents
The development of radioprotective agents has been a subject of intense research in view of their potential for use within a radiation environment, such as space exploration, radiotherapy and even nuclear war. Since no ideal, safe synthetic radioprotectors are available to date, the search for alternative sources, including plants, has been on-going for several decades. In the Traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been used to treat radiation-mediated ailments. A systematic screening approach can only provide leads to identify potential new molecular entities from plant sources, for mitigation of radiation injury. This article reviews the milestones in development of radioprotectors with emphasis on perspectives of variety of plants, their bioactive principles and several alternative approaches tested in in vitro and in vivo model systems for radioprotection. With an overview of our own work carried out in this area, this review highlights the unique inherent properties in plants and the phytochemicals that aid in preventing free radical-induced oxidative stress during radiation therapy. The structural characteristics of these phytochemicals, rendering them suitable for radioprotection, have also been discussed, with the scope of their applications in the fields involving imbalanced redox status and oxidative stress.
Medicinally important aromatic plants with radioprotective activity
SCIENCE & INGREDIENTS:
Â-Carotene
Male CBA mice received graded doses (450–750 rad) of total-body γ-radiation (TBR) from a dual-beam 137CS irradiator. Commencing directly after TBR, 2 days later, or 6 days later, groups of mice received supplemental vitamin A (V it A) or β-carotene (β-Car), compounds previously found to reduce radiation disease in mice subjected to partial-body X-irradiation. Given directly after TBR, supplemental Vit A decreased mortality, evidenced by increases in the radiation dose required to kill 50% of the mice within 30 days (LD50/30). In one experiment, Vit A increased the LD50/30 from 555 to 620 rad; in another experiment, Vit A increased the dose from 505 to 630 rad. Similarly, in a third experiment, supplemental β-Car increased the LD50/30 from 510 to 645 rad. Additionally, each compound increased the survival times, even of those mice that died within 30 days. In addition to reduction of mortality and prolongation of survival time, supplemental Vit A moderated weight loss, adrenal gland hyperemia, thymus involution, and lymphopenia-all signs of radiation toxicity. Delaying the supplementation for 2 days after irradiation did not greatly reduce the efficacy of Vit A; however, delaying supplementation for 6 days decreased its effect almost completely.
There is a debate concerning the effects of antioxidant vitamins during radiation therapy: Can they reduce the adverse effects of therapy without reducing treatment efficacy? We examined whether dietary and plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were related to severe acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and to cancer local recurrence. We conducted a prospective study of 540 head and neck cancer patients treated by radiation therapy. Dietary intakes of beta carotene and alpha tocopherol were measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire and plasma levels were determined. Acute adverse effects of radiation therapy and local recurrence were documented. A higher beta carotene dietary intake was associated with fewer severe acute adverse effects: odds ratio (OR) = 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.93]. There was a tendency for a similar effect for plasma beta carotene: OR = 0.73 (95% CI = 0.48–1.11). Participants with higher plasma beta carotene had a significantly lower rate of local recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45–0.99). Alpha tocopherol was not related to severe adverse effects or to cancer recurrence. This study suggests that a higher usual dietary beta carotene intake can reduce the occurrence of severe adverse effects of radiation therapy and decrease local cancer recurrence.
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms extract
Bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, flavones, syringin and eleutheroside E were extracted from wild Acanthopanax senticosus to obtain purities of 88.4% ± 3.2%, 90.8% ± 2.0%, 92.5% ± 1.5% and 82.7% ± 4.7% respectively. In vitro antioxidant activities and in vivo anti-radiation activities of the compounds were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that polysaccharides and flavones extracted from A. Senticosus were more effective than syringin and eleutheroside E in their radical scavenging activity in vitro. In vivo studies showed that polysaccharides and flavones were also effective in protecting mice from heavy ion radiation induced tissue oxidative damage. Furthermore, the activities of polysaccharides and flavones in repressing expression changes of radiation response proteins including heat shock protein, disulfide-isomerase and glutathione S-transferase, were also identified by our results. These radioprotective effects were more significant when polysaccharides and flavones were administered together.
Bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, flavones, syringin and eleutheroside E were extracted from wild Acanthopanax senticosus and purified by chromatography. In vitro and in vivo anti-radiation activities of the compounds were compared. In vitro radical scavenging results showed that polysaccharides and flavones were more effective than syringin and eleutheroside E in In vivo study proved that polysaccharides and flavones were effective in protecting mice from heavy ion radiation induced oxidative damages. Also, the activity of polysaccharides and flavones in repressing expression changes of radiation response proteins including heat shock protein, disulfide-isomerase and glutathione S-transferase were also found by our results. Moreover, the radioprotective effects were more significant when polysaccharides and flavones were used together.
Acanthopanax senticosus reduces brain injury in mice exposed to low linear energy transfer radiation
Conclusion: AS is a promising approach to reduce radiation–induced brain injury. Further studies are warranted to examine the potential of AS to reduce the side effects caused by chemotherapeutics.
Acanthopanax senticosus( Rupr. et Maxim)Harms extract Eleutheroside B+E
Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has been shown to have a certain neuromodulation effect. Our previous study indicates that EE protects nerve damage caused by radiation. However, its specific function and underlying mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the C. elegans model to illuminate the property and mechanism of EE protecting against nerve damage caused by radiation. Here, we found that EE significantly improved the long-term memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans. Through transcriptome sequencing, the results showed that EE protected radiation–damaged C. elegans mainly through G-protein-coupled receptor and neuropeptide signaling pathways. Further research indicated that EE affected the activity of CREB by cAMP-PKA, Gqα-PLC, and neuropeptide signaling pathways to ultimately improve the long-term memory of radiation–damaged C. elegans. In addition, the activity of Gqα and neuropeptides in AWC neurons and the activity of CREB in AIM neurons might be crucial for EE to function.
radiation affects not only cognitive function but also gut microbiota. Eleutheroside E (EE), a principal active compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, has a certain protective effect on the nervous system. Here, we find a four-week EE supplementation to the 60Co-γ ray irradiated mice improves the cognition and spatial memory impairments along with the protection of hippocampal neurons, remodels the gut microbiota, especially changes of Lactobacillus and Helicobacter, and altered the microbial metabolites including neurotransmitters (GABA, NE, ACH, 5-HT) as well as their precursors. Furthermore, the fecal transplantation of EE donors verifies that EE alleviated cognition and spatial memory impairments, and activates the PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling via gut microbiota. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism of EE effect on the gut-brain axis and underpin a proposed therapeutic value of EE in cognitive and memory impairments induced by radiation.
acemannan
Acemannan (poly-acetylated mannose) is an active component of Aloe vera gel and has been reported to have anticancerous, antimicrobial and shown to stimulate the development and proliferation of the hematopoietic cells. The anticancerous properties of acemannan have been attributed to the modulation of immune system rather then cytotoxicity. Therefore objective of the present study was to evaluate radioprotective efficacy of acemannan against radiation induced immune suppression using Swiss albino mice as a model system. For In-vivo studies mice were treated for 7 days orally prior to irradiation (5 Gy). Animals were sacrificed at different time point to study the effect on cellular proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis and ROS level, cytokines level, antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide and protein expression. For survival studies mice were treated with acemannan for 7 days pre or post irradiation and survival was monitored for 30 days. Acemannan showed a significant induction of proliferation of splenocytes in radiation treated groups. Beside a decrease in radiation induced ROS and DNA damage resulted in the reduction of apoptosis in murine splenocytes. Acemannan restored the antioxidant enzyme level (catalase, SOD, DTD and GST) and maintained the proper redox status via GSH, in irradiated mice.
Eight dogs and five cats with histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas were treated with Acemannan Immunostimulanta in combination with surgery and radiation therapy. These animals had recurring disease that had failed previous treatment, a poor prognosis for survival, or both. Following four to seven weekly acemannan treatments, tumor shrinkage occurred in four (greater than 50%; n = 2) of 12 animals, with tumors accessible to measurement. A notable increase in necrosis and inflammation was observed. Complete surgical excision was performed on all animals between the fourth and seventh week following initiation of acemannan therapy. radiation therapy was instituted immediately after surgery. Acemannan treatments were continued monthly for one year. Seven of the 13 animals remain alive and tumor-free (range, 440+ to 603+ days) with a median survival time of 372 days. The data suggests that Acemannan Immunostimulant may be an effective adjunct to surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of canine and feline fibrosarcomas.
Acemannan-containing wound dressing gel reduces radiation–induced skin reactions in C3H mice
Purpose: To determine (a) whether a wound dressing gel that contains acemannan extracted from aloe leaves affects the severity of radiation–induced acute skin reactions in C3H mice; (b) if so, whether other
commercially available gels such as a personal lubricating jelly and a healing ointment have similar effects; and (c) when the wound dressing gel should be applied for maximum effect.
Methods and Materials: Male C3H mice received graded single doses of gamma radiation ranging from 30 to 47.5 Gy to the right leg. In most experiments, the gel was applied daily beginning immediately after irradiation. To determine timing of application for best effect, gel was applied beginning on day -7, 0, or +7 relative to the day of irradiation (day 0) and continuing for 1,2,3,4, or 5 weeks. The right inner thigh of each mouse was scored on a scale of 0 to 3.5 for severity of radiation reaction from the seventh to the 35th day after irradiation. Dose-response curves were obtained by plotting the percentage of mice that reached or exceeded a given peak skin reaction as a function of dose. Curves were fitted by logit analysis and EDS0 values, and 95% confidence limits were obtained.
Results: The average peak skin reactions of the wound dressing gel-treated mice were lower than those of the untreated mice at all radiation doses tested. The ED,, values for skin reactions of 2.0-2.75 were approximately 7 Gy higher in the wound dressing gel-treated mice. The average peak skin reactions and the EDSo values for mice treated with personal lubricating jelly or healing ointment were similar to irradiated control values. reduction in the percentage of mice with skin reactions of 2.5 or more was greatest in the groups that received wound dressing gel for at least 2 weeks beginning immediately after irradiation. There was no effect if gel was applied only before irradiation or beginning 1 week after irradiation.
Conclusion: Wound dressing gel, but not personal lubricating jelly or healing ointment, reduces acute radiation–induced skin reactions in C3H mice if applied daily for at least 2 weeks beginning immediately.
Acorus calamus Linn
Acorus calamus, an ethnomedicinally important plant, was investigated for its protecting activity against radiation induced DNA and membrane damage. The in vitro free radical scavenging activity of the extract (water:ethanol, 1:1) of A. calamus was studied by parameters viz DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Membrane damage due to radiation exposure was measured as the peroxidation of lipids in terms of thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS). The in vitro DNA damage was monitored by assessing the radiation induced relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA (pBR322). damage to cellular DNA induced by γ-radiation (6 Gy) was monitored by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay in murine cells and human peripheral blood leukocytes.
Enhancement of DNA repair mechanism was also monitored. The extract effectively scavenged free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. Presence of A. calamus extract during irradiation prevented peroxidation of membrane lipids in mouse liver homogenate. It helped to reduce the disappearance of the covalently closed circular (ccc) form of plasmid DNA following exposure to γ-radiation. Also the A. calamus extract effectively protected DNA from radiation induced strand breaks and enhanced the DNA repair process. Hence A. calamus extract can be used as a good source of natural radioprotecting agent.
The radioprotecting activity of Acorus calamus extract after whole body exposure of mice to lethal and sub-lethal doses of γ-irradiation in terms of radiation induced mortality and damages to cellular DNA and tissue antioxidant levels were studied. A. calamus extract (250 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to mice 1 h prior to whole body γ-radiation exposure. The antioxidant levels in the tissue homogenates of brain, liver and kidney of the irradiated mice were determined and cellular DNA damage was monitored by comet assay.
effect of administration of the extract on survival of the animals exposed to acute lethal dose of 10 Gy whole body γ-radiations was also monitored. Administration of the extract significantly increased the activities of major enzymes of the antioxidant defense system specially SOD, catalase and GPx and levels of GSH in 2, 6 and 10 Gy irradiated mice and decreased the formation MDA. The extract also decreased DNA strand breaks. The survival rate was found to be increased up to 5%.
These studies highlight the role of A. calamus extract as good source of natural radioprotecting agent and its therapeutic implications for radiation–induced injuries.
Adhatoda vasica (L) Nees leaves
The study was executed to assess individual and interactive effects of elevated ultraviolet-B (euv-B) radiation and chromium (Cr) on a medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica Nees. The experiment was conducted under field conditions involving control, Cr, euv-B, and Cr+euv-B treatments.
The results showed that Cr content was the highest in roots as compared to other parts under Cr+euv-B. significant reductions in photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal conductance were observed under all treatments with maximum under Cr+euv-B. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters showed variable responses under Cr and Cr+euv-B. Chl content showed reductions under all treatments whereas Chl a/b ratio and carotenoids showed increment under euv-B and reductions under Cr and Cr+euv-B. The ultrastructure of leaves showed changes in chloroplasts under treatments. Vasicine (medicinally important secondary metabolite) increased under treatments.
Our study revealed that A. vasica showed variable responses towards individual and interactive stress of Cr and euv-B.
The science of radiation protection is a fundamental outgrowth of peaceful and military applications of ionizing radiation. The various chemicals that have been used as radio protectors as free radical scavengers are effective if given prior to or during irradiation. Several chemical agents/synthetic radio protectors have been used against the hazardous effects of ionizing radiation in experimental studies with success. medicinal plants play an important role in pharmacology and medicine for many years.
The objective of present study was to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activities in pectoralis muscle of mice. Mice were divided into four groups i.e. Group (i) containing normal mice served as control; group (ii) mice given 900 mg/kg body wt. of Adhatoda vasica extract orally; group (iii) mice were exposed to gamma radiation (6Gy) and group (iv) mice given Adhatoda vasica leaf extract plus gamma radiation (6 Gy).
Present study demonstrated that Adhatoda vasica leaf extract provides protection against free radical damage.
prevention of radiation induced histopathological changes in mice biceps muscle by Adhatoda vasica
Ionizing radiation has a diversity of beneficial uses in medicine including radiotherapy, radiographs etc. Scientific and technological advancements have further increased the radiation burden in humans. Adhatoda vasica is well known plant drug in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine well documented for therapeutic potential. The present study was designed to evaluate histopathological responses of biceps muscle after Adhatoda extract treatment, irradiation and extract + irradiation
Aegle marmelos fruit
Fruit extract of Aegle marmelos protects mice against radiation–induced lethality
radiation–induced hematological alterations and their inhibition by Aegle Marmelos fruit extract
This study was carried out to observe the radio protective potential of Aegle Marmelos fruit extract (AME) against radiation–induced hematological and biochemical alterations in blood and liver of mice. For this purpose, adult Swiss albino mice were exposed to 6 Gy gamma radiation in the presence (experimental) or absence (control) of the extract (100 mg/kg body weight animal/day). exposure to radiation resulted in a significant decline in the count of erythrocyte, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in peripheral blood. In contrast, extract–pretreated irradiated animals had a significant rise in all of these blood constituents, as compared with the irradiated control. Furthermore, a significant elevation in lipid peroxidation over normal was recorded in the irradiated control, whereas such increase was considerably lesser in extract–pretreated animals. Likewise, pretreatment with AME caused a significant increase in glutathione levels in the serum, as well as in the liver, in comparison to irradiated controls.
These results indicate that AME may be responsible for the protection of stem cells in bone marrow, subsequently resulting in a rise of hematological constituents in peripheral blood. The present study affirms the prophylactic use of AME against radiation–induced hematological and biochemical alterations in mammals.
Debilitation of radiation induced intestinal injury by Aegle marmelos fruit extract in mice
Protection of intestinal constituents by Aegle marmelos extract (AME) was studied after exposure to 6 Gy gamma radiations in mice. irradiation produced a significant decrease in crypt survival, mitotic figures and villus length; whereas a significant increase in goblet and apoptotic cells from Sham irradiated animals. Maximum alterations in all the parameters were observed on day 3rd of irradiation but without restoring to normal even till the end of experimentation. AME pretreated irradiated animals resulted in a noticeable increase in the number of crypt cells, mitotic figures and villus length; whereas the counts of apoptotic and goblet cells showed a significant decrease from respective control at all the autopsy intervals. Furthermore, AME administration significantly inhibited radiation–induced elevation in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in glutathione levels in blood, liver and intestine.
The results from the present study demonstrate the inhibitory role of Aegle marmelos fruit extract against radiation induced intestinal alterations in mammals.
Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
The effect of various doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 300, 600 and 900 mg kg−1) of the alcoholic extract of the plant Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (ACE), on the alteration of radiation–induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of gamma radiation was studied. The acute toxicity studies showed that the drug was non-toxic up to a dose of 3000 mg kg−1, the highest dose that could be tested for acute toxicity. Administration of ACE resulted in a dose-dependent decline in radiation–induced mortality up to a dose of 75 mg kg−1, the dose at which the highest number of survivors (70.83%) was observed. Thereafter, the number of survivors declined with increasing doses of ACE and a nadir was reached at 900 mg kg−1 ACE. Since the number of survivors was highest for 75 mg kg−1 ACE, this was considered the optimum dose for radioprotection and used in further studies in which mice were treated with 75 mg kg−1 ACE before exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment of mice with 75 mg kg−1 ACE reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality at all exposure doses, and a significant increase in survival was observed compared with the non-treated irradiated group.
The ACE treatment effectively protected mice against the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow related death, as revealed by the increased number of survivors at all irradiation doses. The dose reduction factor was found to be 1.3. To understand the mechanism of action, various doses of ACE were evaluated for their in-vitro scavenging action on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a chemically stable free radical. ACE was found to scavenge DPPH radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the radioprotection afforded by ACE may be in part due to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by ionizing radiation.
Aloe barbadensis
Cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet radiation suppresses the induction of T cell mediated responses such as contact and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) by altering the function of immune cells in the skin and causing the release of immunoregulatory cytokines. extracts of crude Aloe barbadensis gel prevent this photosuppression. Because the regulation of contact hypersensitivity and DTH responses differ, we investigated whether protection was afforded by a single or multiple agents in Aloe and the mechanism by which this material prevents suppression of DTH immunity. The ability of Aloe gel to prevent suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses to hapten decayed rapidly after manufacture. In contrast, agents that protected against systemic suppression of DTH responses to Candida albicans were stable over time. Oligosaccharides prepared from purified Aloe polysaccharide prevented suppression of DTH responses in vivo and reduced the amount of IL-10 observed in ultraviolet irradiated murine epidermis.
To assess the effect of Aloe extracts on keratinocytes, Pam 212 cells were exposed in vitro to ultraviolet radiation and treated for 1 h with Aloe oligosaccharides. Culture supernatants were collected 24 h later and injected into mice. Supernatants from ultraviolet irradiated keratinocytes suppressed the induction of DTH responses, whereas Aloe oligosaccharide treatment reduced IL-10 and blocked the suppressive activity of the supernatants. These results indicate that Aloe contains multiple immunoprotective factors and that Aloe oligosaccharides may prevent ultraviolet induced suppression of DTH by reducing keratinocyte derived immunosuppressive cytokines.
We investigated the ability of Aloe barbadensis gel extract to prevent suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice by ultraviolet (uv) irradiation. Local immune suppression was induced in C3H mice by exposure to four daily doses of 400 J/m2 uv-B (280 – 320 nm) radiation from FS40 sunlamps, followed by sensitization with 0.5% fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) through the irradiated skin. Topical application of 0.167-1.67% Aloe gel after each irradiation significantly reduced this suppression.
Aloe treatment partially preserved the number and morphology of Langerhans and Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in skin, compared to those in the skin of mice given only uvR or uvR plus the vehicle. Experiments using a single (2 kJ/m2) dose of uvR followed by Aloe treatment showed that the effect of Aloe was not due to screening of the uvR. Systemic suppression of DTH to Candida albicans or CHS to FITC was induced in C3H mice exposed to 5 or 10 kJ/m2 uv-B radiation, respectively, on shaved dorsal skin and sensitized 3 d later with a subcutaneous injection of formalin-fixed Candida or FITC painted on unirradiated, ventral skin. treatment of the uv–irradiated skin with Aloe immediately after irradiation prevented suppression of both DTH to Candida and CHS to FITC. Aloe treatment did not prevent the formation of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of uv–irradiated skin or accelerate the repair of these lesions.
These studies demonstrate that topical application of Aloe barbadensis gel extract to the skin of uv–irradiated mice ameliorates uv–induced immune suppression by a mechanism that does not involve DNA damage or repair.
Aloe vera extract polysaccharide
Plant polysaccharides have been reported to stimulate growth, differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells to protect against the deleterious effects of radiations. This study evaluated the radioprotective potential of acemannan, a major polysaccharide component of aloe vera gel. treatment of mice with 50 mg/kg body weight of acemannan by oral gavage for 7 days was able to protect against the radiation–induced mortality. Seven-day pretreatment or post-treatment of mice with acemannan resulted in the increase in median survival by 60 and 20%, respectively. The decrease in mortality can be attributed to the induction of hematopoiesis (peripheral lymphocytes counts, spleen cellularity, spleen index) and the upregulation of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 by acemannan in irradiated mice.
Data indicate that acemannan has the ability to protect mice against radiation–induced mortality by immunomodulation and can be developed as a radiation damage mitigation agent.
Aloe polysaccharides mediated radioprotective effect through the inhibition of apoptosis
Polysaccharides from aloe are always considered an effective radioprotector on irradiation–induced skin damage.
The aim of this study was to determine if aloe polysaccharides (AP) have radioprotective effects on normal human cells in vitro and mouse survival in vivo and to explore the mechanism. pretreatment with 50 μg/ml AP could improve the surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF 2 ) of three normal cell lines 293, ECV304, and C. liver from 41.5%, 46.5%, and 40.9% to 49.4%, 72.1%, and 89.1%, respectively. AP could also reduce the apoptotic rate of C. liver cells from 9.5% and 43.0% to 2.2% and 10.9% 48 h and 72 h after 2 Gy irradiation, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that pretreatment with AP could block the upregulation of pro-apoptotic p53, Bax, and Bad and the downregulation of Bcl-2 by irradiation. AP could lower thymocyte apoptosis of mice in vivo after 6 Gy irradiation and abrogate the cell cycle perturbation. Fifty mg/kg of AP treatment for 30 min before 7.5 Gy irradiation provided the best radioprotective effect and improved the 30-day survival rate of mice to 86.0%, from 10.0%. AP exerted radioprotective effects in vitro and in vivo through an inhibition of apoptosis.
radioprotective effects and mechanisms of animal, plant and microbial polysaccharides
Ionizing radiation is increasingly used to successfully diagnose many human health problems, but ionizing radiation may cause damage to organs/tissues in the living organisms such as the spleen, liver, skin, and brain. Many radiation protective agents have been discovered, with the deepening of radiation research. Unfortunately, these protective agents have many side effects, which cause drug resistance, nausea, vomiting, osteoporosis, etc. The polysaccharides extracted from natural sources are widely available and low in toxicity. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polysaccharides have anti-radiation activity through anti-oxidation, immune regulation, protection of hematopoietic system and protection against DNA damage.
Recently, some studies have shown that polysaccharides were resistant to radiation. In the review, the anti-radiation activities of polysaccharides from different sources are summarized, and the anti-radiation mechanisms are discussed as well. It can be used to develop more effective anti-radiation management drugs.
Angelica sinensis extract polysaccharide
Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) is a biomacromolecule that isolated from the roots of Angelica sinensis. This study aims to investigate its protective effect on kidney injury and its influence on BMP- 7/Smads/TGF-β1 signal pathway in irradiated rats. Total 60 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the normal (normal saline), model (normal saline), and low, medium, high dose of ASP groups (9.0, 18.0 and 36.0 mg/mL, 2.0 mL/kg·d, intragastric gavage once a day for 14 days). On the 15th day, all other groups received 60Co γ-ray irradiation with a total dose of 4.0 Gy except the normal group. The levels of NO synthase (NOS) and NO in serum, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney of each group were detected with ELISA after 24 h of irradiation, and the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated (p-) Smad2, p-Smad2, p-Smad1, p-Smad5 and BMP7 in kidney were detected by western blotting.
In the results, compared with the model group, NOS, NO and MDA contents were decreased in the middle and high dose groups while SOD contents were increased in low, middle and high dose groups. The levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were increased in low, middle and high dose groups while the levels of BMP7, p-Smad1 and p-Smad5 were decreased in middle and high dose groups.
In conclusion, ASP can reduce the expression levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in kidney of rats induced by radiation, increase the expression levels of BMP7, p-Smad1 and p-Smad5, and resist the body injury caused by radiation by regulating BMP-7/Smads/ TGF-β1 signal pathway.
To investigate the protective effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) on spleen injury and its influence of Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 signal pathway in radiation rats, 60 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups randomly: the normal group, the model group, low-, middle- and high- dose of ASP groups. On the 15th day after the appropriate medication, all the rats except the normal group received the 60Co γ-ray irradiation once with a total dose of 4.0Gy. The levels of NF-kBp65 and IKKa in serum, the contents of MDA, GSH and SOD in spleen of each group were detected with ELISA after 24 h of irradiation, and the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, HSPBP1 and TIMM8B in spleen of each group were detected by western blotting.
The results showed that compared with the model group, NF-kBp65, IKKa and MDA contents were decreased while GSH and SOD contents were increased in the middle and high dose groups. The level of Bcl-2 and TIMM8B were increased while Bax, caspase-3 and HSPBP1 were decreased in all groups. In conclusion, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide can reduce the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3, while increase the level of Bcl-2 in spleen of rats induced by radiation and antagonize the body injury caused by radiation by regulating Bcl 2/Bax/Caspase 3 signaling pathway.
anthocyanin (grape skin)
Grape extract protect against ionizing radiation–induced DNA damage
Grape extracts of different cultivars (Flame seedless, Kishmish chorni, Red globe and Thompson seedless) were investigated for in vitro antioxidant activity by ABTS assay, and compared protective efficacy against radiation–induced DNA damage. Seed extract showed the highest scavenging activity, followed by skin extract. Among different cultivars, ‘flame seedless’ skin extract showed higher scavenging activity followed by ‘Kishmish chorni’ skin extract. Grape extracts significantly prevented radiation–induced plasmid DNA damage. Super-coiled pBR 322 plasmid DNA (~93%) is completely converted to open circular (~97%) and linear (~2%) form at a dose of 150 Gy γ-radiation.
Pretreatment with different grape extracts showed various degree of protection against radiation–induced DNA damage. pretreatment with 1.6 µg grape skin extract of ‘Thompson seedless’ cultivar or grape flesh extract of any tested cultivar diminished the DNA strand breaks, and there was an increase in the super coiled form of DNA against 150 Gy of γ-radiation. However, pretreated pBR 322 DNA with the skin of ‘Kishmish chorni’ cultivars or seed of ‘red globe’ grape cultivars remained static during electrophoresis and confined in the groove on exposure to 150 Gy γ-radiation treatment. Co-treatment with the skin of red globe cultivar also partially confined plasmid DNA in the groove.
The same trend was observed when plasmid DNA was exposed to 1.2 kGy γ-radiation. Our investigation revealed that anthocyanin present in grape skin was probably involved in radio protective activities through the formation of co-pigmentation with DNA.
To study the role of infrared (IR) radiation in the color change of the grape berry, field screening (IR−) and in vitro culture irradiation (IR+) were used. Acylated anthocyanin biosyntheses, including the biosynthesis of malvidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and their derivatives (acetylation and p-coumaroylation), were inhibited by IR–. IR+ promoted the biosynthesis of malvidin 3-O-glucoside and its derivatives, and IR+ inhibited the biosynthesis of peonidin 3-O-glucoside and its derivatives. WGCNA analysis revealed that the red module positively correlated with the flavonoid pathway. The hub genes were related to the anthocyanin pathway, including VvF3′5′H, VvANS, VvOMT1, VIT_18s0001g09400, and VvGST4.
Further, the results revealed that transcription factors like RLK-Pelle, MYB, and C2H2 families were involved in response to IR radiation. Therefore, these results provide a complete understanding of IR radiation in grape skin color formation and the prospect of using supplemental light to improve the overall color of berries.
Artemisiae Herba
This study was performed to examine the effects of DA-9601, a novel antiulcer agent extracted from Artemisiae Herba, on radiation colitis in the rat. Female Wistar rats received a 30 Gy dose of irradiation to the 2 cm of distal colon in length using an intrarectal applicator system. 30 mg/tg or 100 mg/kg of DA- 9601 was administered orally 30 min before and 4 h after radiation on day 1. And the same dose of DA-9601 was given to the animals twice a day from day 2 to 14.
As a reference control, sucralfate suspension (100 or 300 mg/head) was given as an enema based on the same treatment schedule of DA-9601. Body weight change and the frequency of diarrhea were recorded during the observation period as markers of radiationinduced injury, All animals were sacrificed on day 15 for evaluation of macro- and microscopic findings and mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Radiated animals showed diarrhea, mucosal redness and histologic changes characterized by edema and eosinophilic infiltration of the periglandular lamina propria with loss of colonic epithelium. radiation also significantly increased mucosal MfO activity of affected colon. However, most of these changes were completely protected by oral administration with DA-9601. DA-9601 reduced radiation–induced histologic alteration significantly in a dose-related manner (P<0.05). In addition, mucosal MPO activity in rats receiving high dose of DA-9601 decreased significantly when compared with that in radiated control. High dose of sucralfate (300 mg/head) alleviated radiation–induced histologic lesion, but failed to reach statistical significance.
The results of this study suggest that DA-9601 can be useful for the prevention of acute clinical symptoms of radiation proctocolitis and that decrease of mucosal MPO by DA-9601 plays a role in its protective mechanism(s), at least in part.
DA-9601 is an extract obtained from Artemisia asiatica, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal lesions; however, its possible anti-inflammatory effects on the small intestine have not been studied yet. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of DA-9601 against the ACF-induced small intestinal inflammation. inflammation of the small intestine was confirmed by histological studies and the changes in the CD4+ T cell fraction induced by the inflammation-related cytokines, and the inflammatory reactions were analyzed.
Multifocal discrete small necrotic ulcers with intervening normal mucosa were frequently observed after treatment with ACF. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α genes was increased in the ACF group; however, it was found to have been significantly decreased in the DA-9601 treated group. In addition, DA-9601 significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α; the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, on the other hand, was observed to have increased. It is known that inflammatory mediators related to T cell imbalance and dysfunction continuously activate the inflammatory response, causing chronic tissue damage. The fractions of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells, IL-4+ Th2 cells, IL-9+ Th9 cells, IL-17+ Th17 cells, and Foxp3+ Treg cells were significantly decreased upon DA-9601 treatment.
These data suggest that the inflammatory response induced by ACF is reduced by DA-9601 via lowering of the expression of genes encoding the inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, DA-9601 inhibited the acute inflammatory response mediated by T cells, resulting in an improvement in ACF-induced enteritis.
Astragalus membranaceus
In this work, Astragalus membranaceus hairy root cultures (AMHRCs) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (uv-A, uv-B, and uv-C) for promoting isoflavonoid accumulation. The optimum enhancement for isoflavonoid production was achieved in 34-day-old AMHRCs elicited by 86.4 kJ/m2 of uv-B. The resulting isoflavonoid yield was 533.54 ± 13.61 μg/g dry weight (DW), which was 2.29-fold higher relative to control (232.93 ± 3.08 μg/g DW). uv-B up-regulated the transcriptional expressions of all investigated genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway. PAL and C4H were found to be two potential key genes that controlled isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, a significant increase was noted in antioxidant activity of extracts from uv-B-elicited AMHRCs (IC50 values = 0.85 and 1.08 mg/mL) in comparison with control (1.38 and 1.71 mg/mL).
Overall, this study offered a feasible elicitation strategy to enhance isoflavonoid accumulation in AMHRCs and also provided a basis for metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in the future.
Objective: The research aimed to study the tissue culture technology and callus induction by radiation mutation of A. membranaceus Bge
Method: With the different parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao aseptic seedling as explants (leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls) induced callus, and cotyledon and hypocotyls taken by the method of radiation mutation were studied.[Result]The results showed that the three explants had relatively high callus induced rate in the medium which respectively made up of MS +6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L,LS +6-BA 2.0 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L,MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg/L + NAA 2.0 mg/L; the optimum mutation time of hypocotyls and cotyledons was 15 minutes; the growth of the callus induced from hypocotyls would be better as the mutation time increased, but when it reached a certain time the growth would be weaken, the induction rate also would be reduced.
Conclusion: This study will provide the scientific reference in tissue culture and mutation breeding of A. membranaceus Bge.
With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation–induced brain neuropathological and functional changes. neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM.
Auricularia auricula
This paper reports on a water-soluble acid polysaccharide (AAP) and in how it was extracted from Auricularia auricular, acquired by CTAB, and prepared it’s carboxymethylation. Chemical characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography/gel permeation chromatograph (HPLC/GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS) were investigated.
Chemical analysis indicated that C AAAP was composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the molar ratio at 0.04: 0.13: 1.00: 0.59: 0.29. Moreover, radiation protection against UVB in vitro indicated that at the dose range of 200–500 μg/mL, C AAAP enhanced the protection of HepG2 cells against UVB cytotoxicity than AAAP. However, but at the dose range of 50–150 μg/mL the result was just opposite.
The objectives of this work are to investigate the protective effect of polyphenols from pinecones of Pinus koraiensis (PPPK) on damage caused by radiation in mice, and to test for its potential synergism with Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt Polysaccharides (AAP). Male mice are administered for 30 days prior to radiation, and the combination index (CI) is used for the synergistic effect analysis. The results show that PPPK exhibited significant radioprotective effects compared with radiation group (P < 0.01); PPPK in combination with AAP had higher anti-radiation effects, as evident by improved white blood cells (P < 0.01), organ indexes (P < 0.05 or 0.01), splenic lymphocytes proliferation activity (P < 0.01), bone marrow DNA content (P < 0.01), and monocyte phagocytic activity (P < 0.05), relative to other groups; the combination also reduced bone marrow micronucleus rate (P < 0.01) and chromosome distortion rate (P < 0.01).
These data for the first time demonstrated the radioprotective effect of PPPK and its synergistic effect with AAP.
Azadirachta indica
Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. fam. Meliaceae) has been extensively employed to combat diverse pathologies. Moreover, it has been described that its leaf extract present anticarcinogenic action. Thus, the neem extract (NE) chemical and antioxidant properties was evaluated, and also, the capacity of two dermatological formulations incorporated with neem extract (F1 and F2) to avoid oxidative UVB–induced skin injury in hairless mice. NE constituents were investigated and free radical scavenging ability were determined by different methods in vitro. skin from mice treated with F1 and F2 and submitted to UVB radiation were tested for different parameters of inflammation and oxidative injury. results show that the NE polyphenol and flavonoid content were 135.30 and 37.12mg/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results demonstrated the existence of azarachtin, rutin, ursolic acid and tannic acid. NE presented scavenging ability by ABTS radical, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), inhibition of lipid peroxidation and iron chelation.
In vivo, it was observed that mice treated with F1 and F2 showed amelioration of the inflammation by reducing UVB induced skin edema. However, only samples from animals treated with F1 had lower neutrophil recruitment (measured by myeloperoxidase activity), and returning the oxidative status to baseline levels in parameters such as reduced glutathione level, ferric reducing ability (FRAP), and scavenging of free radical (ABTS). Concluding, NE demonstrated a good antioxidant property in vitro, and the data suggest the use of NE added F1 to prevent skin damage caused by UVB irradiation.
Head and neck cancer is the eighth common type among all cancer types around the world. Its treatment comprises surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and /or a combination of restoration therapy and social support Conventional fraction size ranges from 1.8 to 3 Grays (Gy) per fraction over 4–6 weeks. The accumulative dose of radiation for the primary treatment of head and neck cancer treatment is 60 to 70 Gy, depending on the irradiation of the tumor.
Ionizing Radiotherapy is used along with concurrent chemotherapy which is the standard treatment in locally advanced head and neck cancers. radiation treatment is commonly delivered in the form of high energy photons through an external beam. These results in ionization of electrons that cause direct strand breaks of cellular DNA and the release of free radicals, resulting in cellular damage to both normal and tumor cells. radiation disrupts the normal process of wound healing at various stages.
Biodegradable nanoparticles have been widely explored as carriers for controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules; however, studies describing the development of nanoparticles as carriers for biopesticide products are few. In this work, a new method to prepare nanoparticles loaded with neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts is presented. In this study, nanoparticles were formulated as colloidal suspension and (spray-dried) powder and characterized by evaluating pH, particle size, zeta potential, morphology, absolute recovery, and entrapment efficiency. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for nanoparticle characterization. The best formulations presented absolute recovery and entrapment efficiencies of approximately 100% and a release profile based on swelling and relaxation of the polymer or polymer erosion. The biological data of the formulated products against Plutella xylostella showed 100% larval mortality.
The nanoparticle information improved the stability of neem products against ultraviolet radiation and increased their dispersion in the aqueous phase.
Bamboo leaf
Conclusion: BLE can be a good source of natural antioxidants. Administration of BLE prior to radiation exposure provided considerable protection in terms of reduction of in vitro radiation induced cytogenetic damage. This study also forms a basis for further analysis of the possible mode of action of the extract.
Leaves of Bamboo species are rich sources of antioxidants. Many papers have reported that antioxidant fraction of bamboo leaves are used to treat many free radial mediated diseases. The present study was undertaken to examine the radio protective effect of the hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Phyllostachysparvifolia against gamma radiation (5gy) induced genomic damage in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay.
The ionizing radiation is a known carcinogen as well as cancer therapeutic agent however, the side effect on normal tissue is a limiting factor and inadequate doses necessitates search for an ideal radioprotective agent. Bamboo species are rich source of antioxidants hence have therapeutic value in many free radical mediated diseases. This is the first report regarding in vitro protective effect of bamboo leaf extract against radiation induced genetic damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by cytokinesis blocked micronuclei (CBMN) assay. Fresh whole blood was exposed to 5Gy of cobalt-6o gamma radiation with or without 30 min pre-treatment with 3 μl and 5 μl of hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Phyllostachys parvifolia.
In addition to whole extract the effect of potential active compound orientin was also assessed. The frequency of radiation induced micronuclei decreased significantly in a dose dependent manner following treatment with whole extract as well as orientin. The extent of reduction in micronuclei frequency was higher with whole bamboo leaf extract as compared to orientin alone.
Blueberry anthocyanins
Uv–induced DNA damage plays a key role in the etiology of certain diseases. The ability of blueberry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins (BA) to protect cellular DNA from uv–induced damage was investigated. BA were extracted by water (BAW), ethanol (BAE) or methanol (BAM). These extracts partially restored proliferation of uv–irradiated HepG2 cells as shown by MTT assay. Treatment with BA extracts at 75 μg/ml decreased reactive oxygen species and decreased DNA damage by tail moment of comet assay and expression of γH2AX in situ. BAM significantly decreased gene and protein expression of p53, phospho-p53 (Ser15), and p21 in uv–irradiated HepG2 cells. BA thus efficiently protects cells from DNA damage in vitro. Blueberry may potentially be used as a good source of naturally radioprotective agents.
radioprotective effects of blueberry on the liver of radiation irradiated rats
radiation were seriously damaged on liver functions. Blueberry was fruits that contains Vit A, Vit c, Vit E, follic acid, -carotene, and anthocyanin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protection effects of blueberry the liver functions. irradiation dose was used to 4 Gy (Linac 6 Mev) X-ray treatment device Experiment animals was used to 7 rats in each groups. It was investigated liver functions that contains TP, ALB, GLOB, ALT, ALKP and CHOL. We showed that Blueberry was not recovery effects on radiation–induced liver functions. But, Statistically significant value was showed ALB (p>0.01) and ALT (p>0.1). It was concluded that blueberry was not used to recovery materials on radiation–induced liver functions.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of blueberry anthocyanins (BA) on radiation–induced lung injury and investigate the mechanism of action. Seven days after BA(20 and 80 mg/kg/d)administration, 6 weeks old male Sprague–Dawley rats rats were irradiated by LEKTA precise linear accelerator at a single dose of 20 Gy only once. and the rats were continuously treated with BA for 4 weeks. Moreover, human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) were transfected with either control-siRNA or siRNA targeting protein kinase R (PKR). cells were then irradiated and treated with 75 μg/mL BA for 72 h.
The results showed that BA significantly ameliorated radiation–induced lung inflammation, lung collagen deposition, apoptosis and PKR expression and activation. In vitro, BA significantly protected cells from radiation–induced cell death through modulating expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3. Suppression of PKR by siRNA resulted in ablation of BA protection on radiation–induced cell death and modulation of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, as well as Caspase-3 expression. These findings suggest that BA is effective in ameliorating radiation–induced lung injury, likely through the PKR signaling pathway.
Boerhaavia diffusa
The radioprotective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was studied using the in vivo mice model. The sublethally irradiated mice (600 rads, single dose) were treated intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of the extract. The animals were sacrificed at different time periods after the whole-body radiation. The most affected tissues—bone marrow and intestine—were considerably protected by the intraperitoneal administration of B. diffusa as estimated by bone marrow cellularity, maturing monocytes, and intestinal glutathione. Total white blood cell count was lowered drastically after radiation exposure (ninth day, 1500 ± 500 cells/ mm3). When the animals were exposed to radiation and treated with B. diffusa, the total white blood cell count was lowered only to 4000 ± 400 cells/mm3 on the third day, and it reached an almost normal level (6250 ± 470 cells/mm 3) by the ninth day. The elevated level of serum and liver alkaline phosphatase after radiation exposure was reduced in the B. diffusa—treated group.
The serum and liver glutamate pyruvAte transferase, which were elevated after radiation exposure, were also reduced by treatment with B. diffusa compared to the control. The lipid peroxidation level also increased in the irradiated animals both in the liver and serum, but in B. diffusa —treated animals, there was a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation levels. The agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA isolated from bone marrow of mice exposed to gamma radiation showed heavy damage that was reduced by treatment with B. diffusa. These results are indicative of the radioprotective effect of the whole-plant extract of B. diffusa.
Bonnemaisonia hamifera
The present study investigated the photoprotective properties of an ethanol extract derived from the red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cell damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The Bonnemaisonia hamifera ethanol extract (BHE) scavenged the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and the hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction (FeSO4 + H2O2), both of which were detected by using electron spin resonance spectrometry. In addition, BHE exhibited scavenging activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that were induced by either hydrogen peroxide or UVB radiation. BHE reduced UVB–induced apoptosis, as shown by decreased apoptotic body formation and DNA fragmentation. BHE also attenuated DNA damage and the elevated levels of 8-isoprostane and protein carbonyls resulting from UVB-mediated oxidative stress. Furthermore, BHE absorbed electromagnetic radiation in the UVB range (280–320 nm). These results suggest that BHE protects human HaCaT keratinocytes against UVB–induced oxidative damage by scavenging ROS and absorbing UVB photons, thereby reducing injury to cellular components.
potential applications of radioprotective phytochemicals from marine algae
The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive elements is becoming increasingly popular with the rapid developments in nuclear technology, radiotherapy, and radio diagnostic methods. However, ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly cause life-threatening complications such as cancer, radiation burns, and impaired immunity. Environmental contamination with radioactive elements and the depletion of ozone layer also contribute to the increased levels of radiation exposure. radioprotective natural products have particularly received attention for their potential usefulness in counteracting radiation–induced damage because of their reduced toxicity compared with most drugs currently in use. Moreover, radioprotective substances are used as ingredients in cosmetic formulations in order to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation.
Over the past few decades, the exploration of marine algae has revealed the presence of radioprotective phytochemicals, such as phlorotannins, polysaccharides, carotenoids and other compounds. With their promising radioprotective effects, marine algae could be a future source for discovering potential radioprotective substances for development as useful in therapeutics.
Broken Ganoderma lucidum spores powder
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss, ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in Mice
Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidumcould be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before of after irradiation of 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn’t significant by statistical analysis.
The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups. However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p>0.05).
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on irradiated mice
radiation can cause multiple damages to tissues and organs.This study aimed to explore the protec-tive effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ( GLPs) against the 60 Co-γray radiation injury in mice and provide an experimental basis for the clinical use of GLPs. Methods One hundred mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number normal control, gavage control, radiation control, high-dose GLPs, and low-dose GLPs.Models of radiation injury were made in the mice by whole-body exposure to 60 Co-γrays.Three days before and after mod-eling, the animals in the high-dose and low-dose GLPs groups were given GLPs intragastrically at the dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg respec-tively, once daily for 14 days.Then the 30 day survival rate and sur-vival time of the model mice were recorded and the changes in the pe-ripheral blood index, spleen index, and serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity were observed. results GLPs significantly increased the 30-day survival rate and the mean survival time of the mouse models (P<0.05), decreased the reduction of WBC count in the peripheral blood, and shortened the time of WBC restoration ( P<0.05 ).
Furthermore, GLPs obviously improved the spleen index and SOD activity of the Co-γray irradiated animals. Conclusion GLPs, with a significant anti-radiation effect, can effectively raise the survival rate of the mice exposed to a lethal dose of 60 Co-γrays, reduce radiation injury to WBC and platelets, and increase the activity of SOD in irradiated mice.
radioprotective and Anticancer Efficacies of Ganoderma Lucidum in a Mouse tumor Model
Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate the antitumor and radioprotective efficacies of GL, which are likely mediated by protection against oxidative stress and preservation of immune cell populations.
Brownea grandiceps (Jacq.)
radiation enteritis is the most common complication of radiotherapy in patients with pelvic malignancies. Thus, the radioprotective activity of the total hydro-alcoholic extract (BGE) and the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAF) of Brownea grandiceps leaves was evaluated against ϒ–radiation–induced enteritis in rats. (BGE) and (EAF) were characterized using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also quantified. In vivo administration of (BGE) (400 mg/kg) and (EAF) (200 & 400 mg/kg) prevented intestinal injury and maintained the mucosal integrity of irradiated rats through increasing villi length and promoting crypt regeneration. Also, (EAF) showed more potent antioxidant activity than (BGE) through reduction of MDA level and enhancement of GSH content and catalase enzyme activity. (BGE) and (EAF) down-regulated intestinal NF-κB expression leading to diminished expression of downstream inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.
Moreover, (EAF) markedly reduced the expression of profibrotic marker TGF-β1. Seventy-nine compounds were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, polar lipids and phenolic acids. (EAF) showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as compared to (BGE). results revealed remarkable radioprotective activity of (BGE) and (EAF), with significantly higher activity for (EAF). The chemical constituents of (BGE) and (EAF) strongly supported their radioprotective activity. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes for the first time the radioprotective activity of B. grandiceps leaves in relation to its secondary metabolome fingerprint; emphasizing the great promise of B. grandiceps leaves, especially (EAF), to be used as natural radio-protective agent.
Caffeic acid
In this study, we evaluated whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has a radioprotective effect on the damage in the rat brain tissue induced by gamma radiation, considering that it may inhibit the ionizing radiation damage.
Methods: A total of 36 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups to test the radioprotective effect of CAPE administered by intraperitoneal injection. An appropriate control group was also studied. On day 11, the brain tissue of all rats was removed and homogenized in phosphate buffer, and the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE), ceruloplasmin (CER), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), and total-SH parameters were measured to determine if CAPE had a protective effect.
Results: The ARE and PON activity and the total-SH level were statistically increased compared to the IR group, whereas the LOOH, TOS, and OSI levels were significantly decreased.
Conclusion: The data obtained in the study suggest that the CAPE administration prior to irradiation may prevent the irradiation brain damage.
Total body irradiation (TBI) serves as an effectively curative therapy for cancer patients and adversely causes long-term residual bone marrow (BM) injury with premature senescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated how the exposure time of TBI in a mouse model affects HSCs and whether the treatment of caffeic acid (CA), a known dietary phenolic antioxidant, has a radioprotective effect. Single (S)-TBI at a sublethal dose (5 Gy) caused relatively higher induction of mitochondrial ROS and senescence-related factors in HSCs than those in hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and Lineage–Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells, as well as reduced clonogenic formation and donor cell-derived reconstituting capacity. Repetitive double (D)-TBI (two months after the S-TBI at a dose of 5Gy) further weakened HSPC function via mitochondrial ROS accumulation and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity.
Oral administration of CA (20 mg/kg) five times before and once immediately after TBI ameliorated ROS generation and TBI-induced HSC senescence and its radioprotective effect was long lasting in S-TBI mice but not in D-TBI mice. Further, supplementation of CA also induced apoptotic cell death of colon cancer cells.
Collectively, these findings indicate that CA has a dual effect, ameliorating HSC senescence-accompanied long-term BM injury in S-TBI mice and stimulating apoptotic cell death of colon cancer cells.
Head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy suffer severe side effects during and following their treatment. Efforts to decrease toxicity of irradiation to normal tissue, organs and cells have led to searching for cytoprotective agent. Investigations for effective and non-toxic compounds with radioprotective capability led to increasing interest in antioxidant such as Propolis and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and radioprotective effects of Propolis and CAPE on radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in the brain tissue. Fourty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 (irradiation (IR) + Propolis) received total cranium irradiation and propolis was given orally through an orogastric tube daily. Group 2 (IR+CAPE) received total cranium irradiation plus CAPE, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) just before giving to the rats, intraperitoneally (IP) every day. Group 3 (IR) received 5 Gy of gamma irradiation as a single dose to total cranium plus 1 ml saline daily. Group 4 received daily plain DMSO. Group 5 received daily plain saline. At the end of the 10 day time period, xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, nitric oxide (NO●) and peroxynitrite (ONOO–) levels were significantly higher in IR group compared to all other groups.
In conclusion, the results suggest the radioprotective ability of Propolis and CAPE involving prevention of radiation–induced oxidative/nitrosative damage.
calendula officinalis flowers
This study was designed to determine the effect of Calendula officinalis flowers extract mouthwash as oral gel on radiation–induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Forty patients with neck and head cancers under radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy protocols were randomly assigned to receive either 2% calendula extract mouthwash or placebo (20 patients in each group). Patients were treated with telecobalt radiotherapy at conventional fractionation (200 cGy/fraction, five fractions weekly, 30–35 fractions within 4–7 weeks). The oropharyngeal mucositis was evaluated by two clinical investigators (a radiation oncologist and a dentist), using the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). Trying to find out the possible mechanism of action of the treatment, total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and quercetin concentration of the mouth wash were measured. Calendula mouthwash significantly decreased the intensity of OM compared to placebo at week 2 (score: 5.5 vs. 6.8, p = 0.019), week 3 (score: 8.25 vs. 10.95, p < 0.0001) and week 6 (score: 11.4 vs. 13.35, p = 0.031).
Total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and quercetin concentration of the 2% extract were 2353.4 ± 56.5 μM, 313.40 ± 6.52 mg/g, 76.66 ± 23.24 mg/g, and 19.41 ± 4.34 mg/l, respectively. Calendula extract gel could be effective on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment and antioxidant capacity may be partly responsible for the effect.
To determine the effect of Calendula officinalis flower extract mouthwash as gel formulation on radiation–induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer. Forty patients with neck and head cancers who were treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either 2% calendula extract mouthwash or placebo (20 patients in each group). The subjects were treated with telecobalt radiotherapy at conventional fractionation (2 Gy/fraction, five fractions weekly, 20–35 fractions within 4–7 weeks). Oropharyngeal mucositis was evaluated by two doctors (a radiation oncologist and a dentist), using the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). The patients also received concurrent chemotherapy. Calendula mouthwash significantly decreased the intensity of OM compared to placebo at week 2 (score: 5.5 vs. 6.8, p = 0.019), week 3 (score: 8.25 vs. 10.95, p < 0.0001) and week 6 (score: 11.4 vs. 13.35, p = 0.031).
Total antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and quercetin concentration of the 1% extract were 2353.4 ± 56.5 µM, 76.66 ± 23.24, 313.40 ± 6.52 mg/g and 19.41 ± 4.34 mg/l, respectively. Calendula extract gel could be effective on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment and antioxidant capacitiy may be partly responsibe for the effect.
Conclusion: This randomised controlled trial showed no difference between Calendula and standard of care (Sorbolene) for the prevention of radiation–induced dermatitis. However, the study was underpowered (limited recruitment) for the primary comparison.
Camellia sinensis
Positive health effects of tea (Camellia sinensis) on a wide range of physiological problems and diseases are well known and are in part due to its copious antioxidant content. The effect of black tea extract (BTE), which is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, against the consequences of radiation exposure has not been properly identified. The functional properties of BTE were analyzed and its radioprotective effect on V79 cells was explored in the present study. BTE scavenged free radicals and inhibited Fenton reaction-mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent fashion, establishing its antioxidant properties.
The radioprotective effects of BTE on strand break induction in pBR322 plasmid DNA were 100 % at 80 μg/ml and higher. In V79 cells, BTE was effective in decreasing the frequency of radiation–induced micronucleated cells and the yields of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also in restoring the integrity of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. BTE exerted maximum protection against radiation–induced damage in V79 at a dose of 5 μg/ml. Due to the functional properties of BTE-flavonoids, which have been identified by HPLC, it is envisaged that the key player in radioprotection is elimination of ROS.
We evaluated the effects green and mate teas on oxidative and DNA damages in rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Were utilized 70 adult male Wistar rats that received daily oral or topic green or mate tea treatment during exposed to radiation by seven days. After, animals were killed by decapitation. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive species levels, protein oxidative damage were evaluated in skin and DNA damage in blood. Our results show that the rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation presented DNA damage in blood and increased protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in skin. Oral and topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented lipid peroxidation, both treatments with mate tea also prevented DNA damage. However, only topic treatment with green tea and mate tea prevented increases in protein carbonylation.
Our findings contribute to elucidate the beneficial effects of green tea and mate tea, here in demonstrated by the antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties presented by these teas.
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.
effect of a chamomile extract in protecting against radiation‐induced intestinal mucositis
Compounds that prevent radiation–induced mucositis may offer new therapeutic strategies for maintaining intestinal integrity in patients undergoing radiotherapy. A specially formulated chamomile extract was studied with the hope of proving efficacy in this regard. Intestinal mucositis was induced in rats by exposing them to whole body gamma–irradiation. Rats were treated orally with the extract for 5 days before and 2 days after radiation exposure. One day later, rats were sacrificed. Histological examination of segments of small intestine showed shortening and fusion of villi, activation of mucus secreting glands, inflammatory cell infiltration of lamina propria, and mucosal atrophy. Intestinal homogenates showed an increase in tumor necrosis factor, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and myeloperoxidase, an indicator of cellular infiltration, as well as in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and a reduction in glutathione content. Intestinal injury was further evidenced by an increase in diamine oxidase and a reduction in citrulline levels in the serum. A rise in apoptosis was evidenced by an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, caspase-3, and depletion of mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma-2/ Bax ratio.
Most histological changes and associated derangement in related parameters were largely prevented by the chamomile extract, thus paving the way to a new therapeutic approach towards the management of radiation–induced intestinal mucositis.
Conclusion: Chamomile had no prophylactic effect on the onset of oral mucositis, but it was proven to be effective in decreasing the severity of this condition during treatment in most patients
Tea is a traditional plant extract with important cultural ties. It is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Tea consumption has some health benefits including antioxidant stimulus. gamma radiation is currently used to control of postharvest pathogens on tea herb. However, free radicals can be generated, which consumes antioxidant molecules. A positive relation was found between radiation doses used and free radicals generation in green tea (Camellia sinensis), yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), and chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita).
Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of aqueous and methanol extracts of these herbs was determined by various methods to compare the effect of irradiation of herb on antioxidant capacity of the extracts. TAC was evaluated by measuring: total phenols (decreased with irradiation in mate and green teas), total flavonoids (stable in aqueous extracts and decreased with irradiation in methanol extract of mate and chamomile), Trolox equivalent or ABTS (unchanged under irradiation), DPPH* scavenging capacity (stable on aqueous extract but diminished in methanol extract after irradiation), β carotene/acid linoleic ability (stable with the exception of chamomile tea that increased after irradiation) and, capacity to chelate ferrous ions (unchanged with irradiation). In conclusion, gamma irradiation reduced the capacity of some antioxidants but preserved the capacity of others.
This study showed that one isolated test does not suffice to perform this evaluation reliably, which is a reflection of the diversity and complexity of the effects of irradiation on antioxidant molecules present in different samples.
Chrysanthemum indicum L.
Wild chrysanthemum extract prevents UVB radiation–induced acute cell death and photoaging
Wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) is traditionally used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is also used in the southwest plateau region of China to prevent ultraviolet–induced skin damage. However, the role and mechanism by which wild chrysanthemum prevents uv–induced skin damage and photoaging have never been investigated in vitro. In the present study, we found that aqueous extracts from wild chrysanthemum strongly reduced high-dose UVB–induced acute cell death of human immortalized keratinocytic HaCat cells. Wild chrysanthemum extract was also demonstrated to reduce low-dose UVB–induced expression of the photoaging-related matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. The ROS level elevated by UVB irradiation was strongly attenuated by wild chrysanthemum extract.
Further study revealed that wild chrysanthemum extract reduced UVB-triggered ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and their protective role, which is partially dependent on inhibiting p38 activation. These results suggest that wild chrysanthemum extract can protect the skin from UVB–induced acute skin damage and photoaging by reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The present study confirmed the protective role of wild chrysanthemum against uv–induced skin disorders in vitro and indicated the possible mechanism.
Further study to identify the active components in wild chrysanthemum extract would be useful for developing new drugs for preventing and treating skin diseases, including skin cancer and photoaging, induced by uv irradiation.
It is known that solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation to human skin causes photo-aging, including increases in skin thickness and wrinkle formation and reduction in skin elasticity. uv radiation induces damage to skin mainly by superfluous reactive oxygen species and chronic low-grade inflammation, which eventually up-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, the super-critical carbon dioxide extract from flowers and buds of Chrysanthemum indicum Linnén (CISCFE), which has been reported to possess free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, was investigated for its photo-protective effect by topical application on the skin of mice.
Moreover, CISCFE effectively suppressed the uv–induced increase in skin thickness and wrinkle grading in a dose-dependent manner, which was correlated with the inhibition of loss of collagen fiber content and epidermal thickening. Furthermore, we observed that CISCFE could obviously decrease uv–induced skin inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α), alleviate the abnormal changes of anti-oxidative indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and down-regulate the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3.
The results indicated that CISCFE was a novel photo-protective agent from natural resources against uv irradiation.
Chrysophyllum cainito L
This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using the crude methanolic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves (C. cainito L.); as a source of natural antioxidant compounds; to compensate the oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation exposure in male rats. Phytochemical investigations of C. cainito L. leaves extract led to the isolation of phytocobstituents such as: Gallic acid (1), together with six flavonoids; 3//Galloyl myrecetrin (2), Rutin (3), Quercetrin (4), Myrecetrin (5), Myricetin (6), and Quercetin (7). In addition to two triterpenoids; β –amyrin (8), and Lupeol (9). All metabolites were isolated for the first time from the genus Chrysophyllum. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (uv, ESI-MS, 1H and 13CNMR).
These compounds reflected its beneficial effect to ameliorate the alterations induced by γ-irradiation via the adjustment of the antioxidant status, decreasing of MDA level, and an improvement in liver, kidney functions and lipid profile, as well as histological alterations of liver were reduced. We can conclude that C. cainito L. extract reduces the liver and kidney toxicity induced by exposure to gamma radiation.
Clerodendron infortunatum
Several phytoceuticals and extracts of medicinal plants are reported to mitigate deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (CIE) for providing protection to mice exposed to gamma radiation was investigated. Oral administration of CIE bestowed a survival advantage to mice exposed to lethal doses of gamma radiation. radiation–induced depletion of the total blood count and bone marrow cellularity were prevented by treatment with CIE. damage to the cellular DNA (as was evident from the comet assay and the micronucleus index) was also found to be decreased upon CIE administration.
radiation–induced damages to intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by CIE. Studies on gene expression in intestinal cells revealed that there was a marked increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in mice exposed to whole-body 4 Gy gamma radiation, and that administration of CIE resulted in significant lowering of this ratio, suggestive of reduction of radiation–induced apoptosis. Also, in the intestinal tissue of irradiated animals, following CIE treatment, levels of expression of the DNA repair gene Atm were found to be elevated, and there was reduction in the expression of the inflammatory Cox-2 gene.
Thus, our results suggest a beneficial use of Clerodendron infortunatum for mitigating radiation toxicity.
prevention of ionizing radiation induced damages by Clerodendron infortunatum
Several phytoceuticals and extracts of medicinal plants are reported to mitigate deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (CIE) was investigated for providing protection to mice exposed to gamma radiation. Oral administration of CIE bestowed survival advantage to mice exposed to lethal doses of gamma–radiation. The radiation – induced depletion of total blood count and bone marrow cellularity were prevented by treatment with CIE. The damage to cellular DNA, as evidenced from comet assay, and micronucleus index was also found to be decreased upon CIE administration. radiation induced damages to intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by CIE. Studies on gene expression in intestinal cells revealed that there was a marked increase in bax/bcl-2 ratio in mice exposed to whole body 4 Gy gamma radiation and administration of CIE resulted in significant lowering of this ratio, suggestive of reduction of radiation induced apoptosis.
Levels of expression of the DNA repair gene, atm was found to be elevated along with a reduction in the inflammatory cox-2 following CIE treatment in the intestinal tissue of irradiated animals. Thus the results suggest the beneficial use of Clerodendron infortunatum for mitigating radiation toxicity.
Codonopsis pilosula
With rapidly increased construction of nuclear power plants worldwide to reduce energy shortage and subsequent environment contamination, routine use of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis equipment in the clinical medicine, the research on the health effect of radiation exposure has become a very important area to explore. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be an ideal candidate therapy as it usually produces fewer side effects even with long-term administration. In this paper, we reviewed current therapeutic approaches to prevent radiation–induced brain neuropathological and functional changes.
neuroprotective effects of TCM in different brain injury models have been briefly summarized. We then reviewed the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM in different radiation exposure models and discussed the potential molecular mechanism(s) of the neuroprotective and radioprotective effect of TCM. The conclusions and future research directions were made in the last part of the paper.
crocetin from gardenia fruit
A strategy for attenuation of acute radiation–induced lung injury using crocetin from gardenia fruit
Conclusion: Crocetin inhibits necroptosis through transcriptional regulation of the Tnfrsf10b gene, thereby preventing radiation–induced lung injury. This work may provide a new strategy for the prevention of lung radiation injury by the extract from Chinese herbal medicine.
protective effects of crocetin against radiation–induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells
Background and Aims: treatment options for radiation–induced intestinal injury (RIII) are limited. Crocetin has been demonstrated to exert antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects on various diseases. Here, we investigate the effects of crocetin on RIII in vitro.
Materials and Method: IEC-6 cells exposed to 10 Gy of radiation were treated with different doses of crocetin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM), and cell viability was assessed by CCK-8. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in culture supernatants were measured using colorimetric and ELISA kits, respectively. cellular apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V/PI double staining.
Results: Crocetin dose-dependently improved the survival of irradiated IEC-6 cells with the optimal dose of 10 μM, as indicated by the reduction of cellular apoptosis, decreased levels of MDA, MPO, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ), and increased activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx).
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that crocetin alleviated radiation–induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells, offering a promising agent for radioprotection.
radiation and crocetin therapy for cancer
This thesis is concerned with the effect of crocetin on the radiosensitivity of cancer. It is also concerned with a study of the mechanism of action of crocetin, which presumably increases radiosensitivity by increasing oxygen diffusivity. In vivo studies were conducted using a Walker-256 carcinoma grown in the thigh muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The minimum dose of X-rays necessary to induce cancer regression was first determined. It was then found that lower dosages of irradiation would also cure the tumors provided crocetin was also given to the animals.
Further, it was found that there is an optimum crocetin concentration which is most effective in inducing the cure, as well as an optimum scheduling of the dosages. The data were found to be statistically significant, and crocetin was found to be most effective in the salt form when given on the day before, and immediately after, irradiation. In vitro studies were made using cell cultures of both normal and cancerous rat muscle cells. This was done to determine whether or not crocetin acts on a purely cellular level in the animal or on a systemic level. The first tests showed that crocetin increased cell growth rates, for both normal and cancer cells. Then a similar approach to the in vivo work was adopted for utilizing both radiation and crocetin with the cultures. It was found that the crocetin concentration which induced maximum growth of the tumor cells caused the cells to also be more radiosensitive.
Thus it would appear that the beneficial effects of crocetin are due to an interaction on the cellular level, presumably by causing increased growth due to increased oxygen transport.
Curcuma longa
radioprotective effect of Curcuma longa extract on γ-irradiation–induced oxidative stress in rats
This study was conducted to evaluate the modulatory effect of aqueous extract of species“>Curcuma longa (L.) against γ-irradiation (GR), which induces biochemical disorders in male rats. The sublethal dose of GR was determined in primary hepatocytes. Also, the effect of C. longa extract was examined for its activity against GR. In rats, C. longa extract was administered daily (200 mg/kg body mass) for 21 days before, and 7 days after GR exposure (6.5 Gy). The lipid profile and antioxidant status, as well as levels of transaminases, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were assessed. The results showed that in hepatocytes, the aqueous extract exhibited radioprotective activity against exposure to GR. exposure of untreated rats to GR resulted in transaminase disorders, lipid abnormalities, elevation of lipid peroxidation, trace element alterations, release of IL-6 and TNF, and decrease in glutathione and protein level of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX-1).
However, treatment of rats with this extract before and after GR exposure improved antioxidant status and minimized the radiation–induced increase in inflammatory cytokines. Changes occurred in the tissue levels of trace elements, and the protein levels of SOD-1 and PRDX-1 were also modulated by C. longa extract. Overall, C. longa exerted a beneficial radioprotective effect against radiation–induced oxidative stress in male rats by alleviating pathological disorders and modulating antioxidant enzymes.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that curcumin can be used as an effective radioprotective agent to inhibit acute and chronic effects, but not mortality, after irradiation.
Ectoin
With the help of a new ‘uvA stress model’, it was shown that Ectoin protects the skin from the effects of uvAinduced cell damage in a number of different ways. Using cell cultures, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ion exchange chromatography and uv spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that the uvA–induced second messenger release, transcription factor AP-2 activation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and mitochondrial DNA mutation could be prevented. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that Ectoin counteracts the effects of uvA–induced and accelerated skin aging at different cell levels.
This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effects of visible (400–800 nm) and ultraviolet A (uvA)/visible (315–800 nm) lights on human keratinocytes and CHO cells. The alkaline comet assay was used to quantify DNA–damage. In addition, photo-dependent cytogenetic lesions were assessed in CHO cells by the micronucleus test. Three protective compounds [ectoin, l-ergothioneine (ERT) and mannitol] were tested with the comet assay for their effectiveness to reduce DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). Finally, the genomic photoprotections of two broad-band sunscreens and their tinted analogues were assessed by the comet assay. The WST-1 cytotoxicity assay revealed a decrease of the keratinocyte viability of 30% and 13% for the highest uvA/visible and visible irradations (15 and 13.8 J/cm2, respectively). Visible as well as uvA/visible lights induced DNA SSB and micronuclei, in a dose-dependent manner. The level of DNA breakage induced by visible light was 50% of the one generated by uvA/visible irradiation. However, uvA radiations were 10 times more effective than visible radiations to produce SSB. The DNA lesions induced by visible and uvA/visible lights were reduced after a 1-h preincubation period with the three tested compounds.
The maximal protective effects were 92.7%, 97.9% and 52.0% for ectoin (0.1 mM), ERT (0.5 mM) and mannitol (1.5 mM), respectively, against visible light and 68.9%, 59.8% and 62.7% for ectoin (0.1 mM), ERT (0.5 mM) and mannitol (1.5 mM), respectively, against uvA/visible light. Thus, visible light was genotoxic on human keratinocytes and CHO cells through oxidative stress mechanisms similar to the ones induced by uvA radiations. The four tested sunscreens efficiently prevented DNA lesions that were induced by both visible and uvA/visible irradations. The tinted sunscreens were slightly more effective that their colorless analogues. There is a need to complement sunscreen formulations with additional molecules to obtain a complete internal and external photoprotection against both uvA and visible lights.
EGCG
Excessive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) produced by ionizing radiation (IR) can cause human body to serious oxidative damage, leading to oxidation-reduction (REDOX) system imbalance and immune system damage. Here, the radioprotection of EGCG was studied through a model of oxidative damage in 60Coγ radiation mice. Firstly, the weights and the main organs indexes of mice, including the liver index, spleen index and pancreas index, indicated preliminarily the safety and protection of EGCG. Then, the radioprotection of EGCG based on immune-regulation on radiation mice was further investigated.
results suggested that EGCG could prevent significantly the immune system damage caused by 60Coγ via increasing the immune organ index, inducing the transformation of spleen cells into T- and B-lymphocytes, and enhancing the macrophage phagocytosis, compared with model group. In addition, EGCG could also protect spleens of radiation mice from 60Coγ-induced the imbalance of REDOX system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing the level of glutathione (GSH), suppressing lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA). The antioxidant enzymes activities of serum and livers were also increased markedly. Taken together, our results indicated that EGCG possessed the excellent potential to serve as a natural radioprotector against IR-induced damage.
Conclusion: This trial confirmed that the oral administration of EGCG is an effective and safe method to deal with ARIE. A phase III randomized controlled trial is expected to further corroborate the consequence of EGCG in ARIE treatment.
EGCG, a tea polyphenol, as a potential mitigator of hematopoietic radiation injury in mice
Agents capable of providing protection, mitigation or therapy against radiation injuries have long been of interest of radiation biologists owing to the ever expanding application of radiation in our day to day life despite the well reported ill effects of exposure. The current study investigates radiomitigating potential of EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), a tea polyphenol with known DNMT inhibitory property, in C57 Bl/6 mice model. treatment with 0.1833 mg/kg body weight EGCG, 1.5 h post-irradiation to lethally whole body irradiated mice rendered 45% survival for 30 days and also helped restoring the body weight of the animals. An early recovery of various hematological parameters was observed in EGCG treated animals compared to radiation alone group.
significant recovery in the number of bone marrow colony forming cells was observed in EGCG treated irradiated animals. EGCG reduced cytogenetic damage to bone marrow cells in radiation exposed mice significantly as studied by micronucleus assay without any significant affect on cell cycle distribution of the bone marrow cells. ELISA assay with bone marrow cell lysates showed EGCG as an inhibitor of HDAC activity and DNAse accessibility assay showed EGCG treatment increased the accessibility of chromatin to the enzyme. The results suggest EGCG provides mitigation against radiation injury to the hemopoietic system of mice and also inhibits HDAC enzyme activity. However, further studies are required to understand its mechanism of action.
Emblica officinalis
protective effect of an extract of Emblica officinalis against radiation–induced damage in mice
The radioprotective effect of Emblica officinalis extract (EOE) was studied in mice. Swiss albino mice were exposed to γ rays (5 Gy) in the absence (control) or presence (experimental) of EOE, orally 100 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 7 consecutive days. A specimen of small intestine (jejunum) was removed from the mice and studied at different autopsy intervals from 12 hours to 30 days. In control animals, crypt cell population, mitotic figures, and villus length were markedly reduced on day 1; these later started to increase progressively but did not attain the normal level even at the last autopsy interval. The animals receiving EOE prior to irradiation had a higher number of crypt cells and mitotic figures when compared with non-drug-treated control at all the autopsy intervals.
irradiation of animals resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in glutathione as well as catalase concentration in the intestine at 1 hour post-irradiation. In contrast, EOE treatment before irradiation caused a significant depletion in lipid peroxidation and elevation in glutathione and catalase levels.
The radio protective effect of the fruit pulp of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Emblica) was studied in adult Swiss albino mice. Mice were treated with 2.5g/kg b.wt of Emblica for 10 consecutive days before irradiation and exposed to a single dose of 700 rads (7Gy) of radiation after the last dose. One group was given Emblica continuously for another 15 days after irradiation. Changes in the total leukocyte count, bone marrow viability and hemoglobin were studied after whole body irradiation. Administration of Emblica significantly increased these levels, which were lowered by irradiation. Animals were sacrificed at various time points after irradiation and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and levels of glutathione were assayed in the blood. The damage to the cell membrane after whole body irradiation was studied by measuring the tissue lipid peroxides levels.
Administration of Emblica significantly enhanced the activity of the various antioxidant enzymes and GST as well as glutathione system in the blood. treatment with Emblica also lowered the elevated levels of lipid peroxides in the serum. The data clearly indicated that the extract significantly reduced the bioeffects of radiation. Emblica extract may be useful in reducing the side effects produced during therapeutic radiation.
Medicinal plants and their products are often prone to microbial contamination. gamma irradiation is a well-recognized phytosanitary treatment for the elimination of bacteria, moulds and insects. The present study was carried out to see the effect of gamma radiation treatment on the proximate nutrients, ascorbic acid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloidal content, as well as on the DPPH radical scavenging activity of Emblica officinalis. The radiation treatment up to the dose level of 12 kGy showed increase in the levels of phenolics and flavonoids.
No effect of irradiation was observed on the concentrations of saponins and alkaloids. Tannin content remained unaffected at low doses. gamma irradiation also enhanced the DPPH scavenging activity and extraction yields of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the samples. The proximate analysis showed no significant effect on the levels of moisture, protein, fiber and carbohydrates. The crude fats increased with the increase in gamma irradiation dose.
The data suggest that gamma irradiation up to 12 kGy could safely be used to sanitize the Emblica officinalis fruits and it may also be beneficial for enhancing the certain biological activities and phytochemicals.
Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum
The ethylacetate fraction of Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum (ENE) was shown to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by γ-radiation and activate antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and gluthathion peroxidase (GPx). ENE protected cells against radiation–induced cellular DNA damage, membrane lipid peroxidation, and protein modification, which are the main points of radiation–induced damage. In addition, ENE recovered cell viability by inhibiting apoptosis after cells were treated with radiation. ENE treatment also reduced γ-radiation induced Bax, and caspase 9 and 3 expression in irradiated cells.
However, irradiated cells with ENE recovered Bcl-2 expression, which was reduced by radiation. This anti-apoptotic effect of ENE was due to the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK4/SEK1)-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades induced by γ-radiation. In summary, these results suggest that ENE protects cells against γ-radiation–induced oxidative stress via the reduction of ROS and attenuation of apoptosis.
This study focused on the protective actions of Empetrum nigrum against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in human HaCaT keratinocytes. An ethyl acetate extract of E. nigrum (ENE) increased cell viability decreased by exposure to UVB rays. ENE also absorbed UVB radiation and scavenged UVB–induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, ENE shielded HaCaT keratinocytes from damage to cellular components (e.g., peroxidation of lipids, modification of proteins, and breakage of DNA strands) following UVB irradiation.
Furthermore, ENE protected against UVB–induced apoptotic cell death, as determined by a reduction in the numbers of apoptotic bodies and sub-G1 hypodiploid cells, as well as by the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results of the current study therefore suggest that ENE safeguards human keratinocytes against UVB–induced cellular damage via the absorption of UVB ray and scavenging of UVB-generated ROS.
Epicatechin
The modulation of longevity genes and aging-associated signaling pathways using pharmacological agents is one of the potential ways to prolong the lifespan and increase the vitality of an organism. Phytochemicals flavonoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a large potential as geroprotectors. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term and short-term consumption of quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen on the lifespan, resistance to stress factors (paraquat, hyperthermia, γ-radiation, and starvation), as well as age-dependent physiological parameters (locomotor activity and fecundity) of Drosophila melanogaster. The long-term treatment with quercetin and (-)-epicatechin didn’t change or decreased the lifespan of males and females. In contrast, the short-term treatment with flavonoids had a beneficial effect and stimulated the resistance to paraquat and acute γ-irradiation.
The short-term ibuprofen consumption had a positive effect on the lifespan of females when it was carried out at the middle age (30–40 days), and to the survival of flies under conditions of oxidative and genotoxic stresses. However, it didn’t change the lifespan of males and females after the treatment during first 10 days of an imago life. Additionally, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen decreased the spontaneous locomotor activity of males, but had no effect of stimulated the physical activity and fecundity of females. Revealed quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen activity can be associated with the stimulation of stress response mechanisms through the activation of pro-longevity pathways, or the induction of hormesis.
radioprotective effect of epicatechin in cultured human fibroblasts and zebrafish
radiation–induced normal cell damage limits the delivery of high-dose radiation to targeted cancer. This study investigated the effect of epicatechin (EC), a minor component of green tea extracts, on radiation–induced cellular damage in vitro in primary cultured human fibroblasts and in vivo in a zebrafish model. cell viability, proliferation and wound-healing efficacy, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as changes in the signaling pathway related to apoptosis were investigated in fibroblasts.
The therapeutic effects of EC were explored in a zebrafish model. EC increased clonogenic survival and restored the migration ability of the fibroblasts after irradiation. EC inhibited radiation–induced ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. EC significantly reduced the expression of p-JNK, p-38, and cleaved caspase-3 compared with their significant increase after radiation treatment. EC attenuated the radiation–induced embryotoxicity in a zebrafish model.
These results suggest that EC represents an effective means of reducing cellular damage and facilitating wound healing after radiation exposure.
effect of Epicatechin against radiation–induced Oral Mucositis: In Vitro and In Vivo study
Conclusion: This study suggests that EC significantly inhibited radiation–induced apoptosis in keratinocytes and rat oral mucosa and may be a safe and effective candidate treatment for the prevention of radiation–induced mucositis.
Ferulic acid
Our previous study showed that ferulic acid (FA) offered good radioprotection under in vitro and in vivo conditions to DNA and enhanced the DNA repair process in the peripheral blood leucocytes of mice in vivo. This study concerns radioprotection of normal versus tumor cells. Administration of FA (50 mg/kg body weight) to mice bearing fibrosarcoma tumor, 1 h prior to/ or immediately after radiation exposure (4 Gy) showed preferential radioprotection to normal cells i.e. peripheral blood leucocytes and bone marrow cells in comparison to tumor cells. This preferential protection under in vivo conditions could be attributed to poor vasculature in the tumor or peculiar characteristics of the tumor cells either to restrict its entry inside the cells or metabolize or inactivate the drug. To resolve these ex vivo study was carried out using bone marrow and tumor cells. It was found that under ex vivo condition also only bone marrow cells were protected by FA. Thus the studies revealed that FA showed preferential protection to normal cells under both in vivo and ex vivo conditions. (Mol cell Biochem xxx: 1–10, 2005)
radiation protection of DNA by ferulic acid under in vitro and in vivo conditions
The effect of ferulic acid was studied on γ-radiation–induced relaxation of plasmid pBR322 DNA and induction of DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells of mice exposed to whole body γ-radiation. Presence of 0.5 mM ferulic acid significantly inhibited the disappearance of supercoiled (ccc) plasmid pBR322 with a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 2.0. Intraperitoneal administration of different amounts (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg body weight) of ferulic acid 1 h prior to 4 Gy γ-radiation exposure showed dose-dependent decrease in the yield of DNA strands breaks in murine peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow cells as evidenced from comet assay. The dose-dependent protection was more pronounced in bone marrow cells than in the blood leukocytes.
It was observed that there was a time-dependent disappearance of radiation induced strand breaks in blood leukocytes (as evidenced from comet parameters) following whole body radiation exposure commensuration with DNA repair. Administration of 50 mg/kg body weight of ferulic acid after whole body irradiation of mice resulted disappearance of DNA strand breaks at a faster rate compared to irradiated controls, suggesting enhanced DNA repair in ferulic acid treated animals.
Role of ferulic acid in the amelioration of ionizing radiation induced inflammation: a murine model
Ionizing radiation is responsible for oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which alters the cellular redox potential. This change activates several redox sensitive enzymes which are crucial in activating signaling pathways at molecular level and can lead to oxidative stress induced inflammation. Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory role of ferulic acid (FA), a plant flavonoid, against radiation–induced oxidative stress with a novel mechanistic viewpoint. FA was administered (50 mg/kg body wt) to Swiss albino mice for five consecutive days prior to exposing them to a single dose of 10 Gy 60Co γ-irradiation. The dose of FA was optimized from the survival experiment and 50 mg/kg body wt dose showed optimum effect.
FA significantly ameliorated the radiation induced inflammatory response such as phosphorylation of IKKα/β and IκBα and consequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). FA also prevented the increase of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (iNOS-2) gene expression, lipid peroxidation in liver and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum. It was observed that exposure to radiation results in decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the pool of reduced glutathione (GSH) content. However, FA treatment prior to irradiation increased the activities of the same endogenous antioxidants. Thus, pretreatment with FA offers protection against gamma radiation induced inflammation.
Ficus racemosa stem bark
Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector
Ethanol extract (FRE) and water extract (FRW) of Ficus racemosa (family: Moraceae) were subjected to free radical scavenging both by steady state and time resolved methods such as nanosecond pulse radiolysis and stopped-flow spectrophotometric analyses. FRE exhibited significantly higher steady state antioxidant activity than FRW. FRE exhibited concentration dependent DPPH, ABTS•-, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation with IC50 comparable with tested standard compounds. In vitro radioprotective potential of FRE was studied using micronucleus assay in irradiated Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79). pretreatment with different doses of FRE 1h prior to 2 Gy γ-radiation resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the percentage of micronucleated binuclear V79 cells. Maximum radioprotection was observed at 20 μg/ml of FRE. The radioprotection was found to be significant (P < 0.01) when cells were treated with optimum dose of FRE (20 μg/ml) 1 h prior to 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 Gy γ-irradiation compared to the respective radiation controls. The cytokinesis-block proliferative index indicated that FRE does not alter radiation induced cell cycle delay.
Based on all these results we conclude that the ethanol extract of F. racemosa acts as a potent antioxidant and a probable radioprotector.
The genus Ficus is a very useful and significant group of trees with various therapeutic properties. Ficus racemosa linn. is a standard-sized tree in the Moraceae family, often known as the cluster fig tree. Ficus racemosa is also known as yajnayoga, udumbara, goolar, dumar, bodda, heibong, jantuphalam, dimri, yogga dumur, and many more names. Ficus racemosa may be found in various countries, including Australia, Malaysia, South-East Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, New South Wales, and the Indian subcontinent. It grows naturally near bodies of water but may also be grown artificially. Ficus racemosa is a plant referenced in the old Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathic traditions with various medicinal activities like as, antidiuretic, antitussive, antiulcer or gastro-protective, anti-oxidant activity, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antipyretic, anticholinesterase, potential Anticancer activity, antifilarial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, analgesic, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, fungicidal, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal, renal anticarcinogenic, cognitive enhancing, and other properties.
This Ficus racemosa review included detailed information on its plant description, habitat, microscopical characteristics, and therapeutic usefulness in many activities.
French maritime pine bark extract, Flavangenol
A French maritime pine bark extract, Flavangenol®, is widely used as a nutritional supplement for protection against atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, etc. Chronic exposure to solar uv radiation damages skin, increasing cutaneous thickness, wrinkling and pigmentation, as well as reducing elasticity, and causes skin cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of flavangenol on skin damage and the incidence of skin tumors caused by long-term UVB irradiation in melanin-possessing hairless mice. The oral administration of flavangenol (60, 200 or 600 mg kg−1, twice daily) significantly inhibited increases in skin thickness, and the formation of wrinkles and melanin granules, as well as increases in the diameter and length of skin blood vessels.
Furthermore, it prevented increases in numbers of apoptotic, Ki-67-positive and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-positive cells, and the expression of skin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by chronic UVB irradiation. The effect on these biomarkers was associated with a reduction in the incidence of tumors in mice. The antiphotoaging and anticarcinogenetic activities of flavangenol may be due to inhibition of the expression of Ki-67, 8-OHdG and VEGF through a scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species.
Fucodiphlorethol G purified from Ecklonia cava
Fucodiphlorethol G (6’-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy]biphenyl-2,2’,4,4’,6-pentol) is a compound purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga that is widely distributed offshore of Jeju Island. This study investigated the protective effects of fucodiphlorethol G against oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G attenuated the generation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species in response to UVB irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G suppressed the inhibition of human keratinocyte growth by UVB irradiation. Additionally, the wavelength of light absorbed by fucodiphlorethol G was close to the UVB spectrum. Fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation–induced 8-isoprostane generation and DNA fragmentation in human keratinocytes. Moreover, fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation–induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of apoptotic cells, and active caspase-9 expression.
Taken together, fucodiphlorethol G protected human keratinocytes against UVB radiation–induced cell damage and apoptosis by absorbing UVB radiation and scavenging reactive oxygen species.
protective effect of Triphlorethol-A from Ecklonia cava against Ionizing radiation in vitro
We studied the cytoprotective effect of triphlorethol-A against γ-ray radiation– induced oxidative stress. In this study, hydrogen peroxide, which is a reactive oxygen species (ROS), was detected using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. Triphlorethol-A reduced intracellular hydrogen peroxide generated by γ-ray radiation. This compound provided protection against radiation–induced membrane lipid peroxidation and cellular DNA damage which are the main targets of radiation–induced damage. Triphlorethol-A protected the cell viability damaged by the radiation through inhibition of apoptosis. Triphlorethol-A reduced the expression of bax and activated caspase 3 induced by radiation, but recovered the expression of bcl-2 decreased by radiation.
Taken together, the results suggest that triphlorethol-A protects cells against oxidative damage induced by radiation through reducing ROS.
Ganoderma lucidum
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss, ex. Fr.) Karst after X-ray irradiation in Mice
Six to seven week old male mice of ICR strain were exposed to 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray during experiments to determine if Ganoderma lucidumcould be a factor in modification of radiation damage. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of the extract from Ganoderma lucidum before of after irradiation of 500 or 650 cGy of X-ray was found to improve the 30-day survival fractions of ICR mice, but wasn’t significant by statistical analysis. The administration also enhanced the recoveries of the body weights and increased the recovery of hemograms of irradiated mice from radiation damage by injecting before or after radiation exposure, especially for the treatment of 500 cGy irradiation. The 10-day CFUs was significantly higher for Ganoderma lucidum treated groups than for untreated groups.
However, the differences of radioprotective effect between the X-ray irradiated groups with Ganoderma lucidum pretreated and post-treated were not significant (p>0.05).
radioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on irradiated mice
Objective radiation can cause multiple damages to tissues and organs. This study aimed to explore the protec-tive effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ( GLPs) against the 60 Co-γray radiation injury in mice and provide an experimental basis for the clinical use of GLPs. Methods One hundred mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number normal control, gavage control, radiation control, high-dose GLPs, and low-dose GLPs. Models of radiation injury were made in the mice by whole-body exposure to 60 Co-γrays. Three days before and after mod-eling, the animals in the high-dose and low-dose GLPs groups were given GLPs intragastrically at the dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg respec-tively, once daily for 14 days. Then the 30 day survival rate and sur-vival time of the model mice were recorded and the changes in the pe-ripheral blood index, spleen index, and serum superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity were observed. results GLPs significantly increased the 30-day survival rate and the mean survival time of the mouse models (P<0.05), decreased the reduction of WBC count in the peripheral blood, and shortened the time of WBC restoration ( P<0.05 ).
Furthermore, GLPs obviously improved the spleen index and SOD activity of the Co-γray irradiated animals. Conclusion GLPs, with a significant anti-radiation effect, can effectively raise the survival rate of the mice exposed to a lethal dose of 60 Co-γrays, reduce radiation injury to WBC and platelets, and increase the activity of SOD in irradiated mice.
radioprotective and Anticancer Efficacies of Ganoderma Lucidum in a Mouse tumor Model
Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate the antitumor and radioprotective efficacies of GL, which are likely mediated by protection against oxidative stress and preservation of immune cell populations.
garlic
Conclusion: It can be stated that garlic is may be recommended to be sufficiently included in the diets of radiotherapy patients considering its antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy.
To evaluate a radioprotective effect of sodium n-propyl thiosulfate (NPTS) and sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate (2PTS) derived from onions and garlic, respectively, rat hepatoma H4IIE cells and mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells were preincubated with each of these compounds for 48 hours at 37°C before receiving 10 Gy of X-ray irradiation. cell damage caused by the irradiation was quantified as comet tail moment, which represents the degree of DNA damage. X-ray-induced DNA damage was significantly decreased in both H4IIE and L5178Y cells by micromolar concentrations of NPTS and 2PTS compared with the control without the compounds.
The protective effect was more potent with 2PTS than NPTS. Onions and garlic have anti-radiation potential.
The radioprotective effect of garlic on four bacterial strains with different degrees of radiation sensitivities was investigated. The presence of garlic led to an increase in d-10 value of Ps. Aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. typhimurium by 160%, 50%, and 30% respectively. The protective efficiency of garlic against radiation was noticed to be proportional to its concentration in a given inoculum size. Garlic extract up to 180 micro liter per 108 inoculum size of B. cereus showed no protective effect. This fact was attributed to the existence of sulphur compounds in the given strain. Higher garlic concentrations appeared to affect the cloning efficiency of a given strain.
Genistein
Conclusion: In this review, we examine the role of flavonoids as potential radiosensitizers, review the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss their potential usefulness in improving cancer radiotherapy. It is emphasized that obtaining a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the combined action of flavonoids and ionizing radiation may provide new directions for radiobiological research applicable to the much needed enhanced selective tumor cytotoxicity to treatment agents.
radioprotective effects of genistein on HL-7702 cells via the inhibition of apoptosis and DNA damage
radiation induced normal tissue damage is the most important limitation for the delivery of a high potentially curative radiation dose. Genistein (GEN), one of the main soy isoflavone components, has drawn wide attention for its bioactivity in alleviating radiation damage. However, the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying the radioprotective effects of GEN remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that low concentration of GEN (1.5 µM) protected L-02 cells against radiation damage via inhibition of apoptosis, alleviation of DNA damage and chromosome aberration, down-regulation of GRP78 and up-regulation of HERP, HUS1 and hHR23A. In contrast, high concentration of GEN (20 µM) demonstrated radiosensitizing characteristics through the promotion of apoptosis and chromosome aberration, impairment of DNA repair, up-regulation of GRP78, and down-regulation of HUS1, SIRT1, RAD17, RAD51 and RNF8.
These findings shed light on using low, but not high-concentration GEN, as a potential candidate for adjuvant therapy to alleviate radiation–induced injuries to human recipients of ionizing radiation.
Genistein As radioprotective Against Premature Ovarian Failure
Radiotherapy is one of the most important strategies in cancer treatment. Seriously, radiotherapy resulted in premature ovarian failure (POF) and infertility, Radiotherapy depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells as a result of water radiolysis leading to induction of oxidative stress and diminution of antioxidant defense mechanisms and within this process, healthy tissues are also damaged. Moreover, germ cells seem to be much more susceptible to oxidative stress induced by radiotherapy than somatic cells. Seriously, ROS generated by ionizing radiation are capable of inducing tissue apoptosis by direct and indirect pathways leading to oxidative damage of cellular macromolecules (mainly DNA, proteins and lipids). Curiously, apoptosis was identified as the mechanism responsible for oocyte loss caused by radiotherapy. Soybeans products contain high amounts of isoflavones known as soy phytoestrogens which act as natural selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). The most prominant phytoestrogen in soybean is genistein (GEN), which shows estrogenic properties through estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) binding. GEN has different pharmacological properties through its chemoprotective activity against cancers and cardiovascular diseases. GEN was also reported to protect against acute myelotoxicity, intestinal, lung, and testicular injuries-induced by radiation.
The radioprotective effects of GEN was attributed to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatoryand anti-fibrotic activities. Concerning its effects on the ovaries, previous report confirmed the protective effect of GEN against ovarian carcinogenesis. Also, GEN slowed down follicular development, considerably improving the ovarian follicular stock and extend the ovarian lifespan. In this context, GEN was documented to delay ovarian ageing and prolong ovarian reproductive life, besides its protective effect against chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced ovarian toxicity.
Geraniin
The radioprotective effect of geraniin, a tannin compound isolated from Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. (Nymphaeaceae), against γ-radiation–induced damage was investigated in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells. Geraniin recovered cell viability detected by MTT test and colony formation assay, which was compromised by γ-radiation, and reduced the γ-radiation–induced apoptosis by the inhibition of loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Geraniin protected cellular components (lipid membrane, cellular protein, and DNA) damaged by γ-radiation, which was detected by lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and comet assay. Geraniin significantly reduced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by γ-radiation, which was detected using spectrofluorometer, flow cytometer, and confocal microscope after 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Geraniin normalized the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which were decreased by γ-radiation. These results suggest that geraniin protects cells against radiation–induced oxidative stress via enhancing of antioxidant enzyme activities and attenuating of cellular damage.
Geraniin down regulates gamma radiation–induced apoptosis by suppressing DNA damage
gamma ray irradiation triggers DNA damage and apoptosis of proliferating stem cells and peripheral immune cells, resulting in the destruction of intestinal crypts and lymphoid system. Geraniin is a natural compound extracts from an aquatic plant Nymphaea tetragona and possesses good antioxidant property. In this study, we demonstrate that geraniin rescues radiosensitive splenocytes and jejunal crypt cells from radiation–induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Isolated splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice treated with geraniin were protected against radiation injury of 2 Gy irradiation through the enhancement of the proliferation and attenuation of DNA damage. Also, geraniin inhibited apoptosis in radiosensitive splenocytes by reducing the expression level and immunoreactivity of proapoptotic p53 and Bax and increasing those of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In mice exposed to radiation, geraniin treatment protected splenocytes and intestinal crypt cells from radiation–induced cell death.
Our results suggest that geraniin presents radioprotective effects by regulating DNA damage on splenocytes, exerting immunostimulatory capacities and inhibiting apoptosis of radiosensitive immune cells and jejunal crypt cells. Therefore, geraniin can be a radioprotective agent against γ-irradiation exposure.
Geraniin Promotes Recovery of Hematopoietic cells after radiation Injury
cells of the hematopoietic system are uniquely radiosensitive due to their rapid proliferation. Consequently, immune suppression readily and undesirably results from irradiation. Our previous studies demonstrated that geraniin isolated from Nymphaea tetragona var. angusta (water lily) had a protective effect on the splenocytes and intestinal tract of irradiated mice. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of geraniin, an ellagitannin isolated from the water lily, in decreasing gamma ray irradiation–induced destruction of the hematopoietic system in mice. Geraniin treatment improved the survival time of bone marrow cells and maintained bone marrow integrity and also up-regulated the expression of stem cell receptors and the extent of cell mitosis. Geraniin also enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells that had been suppressed by irradiation.
These results suggest geraniin is a promising agent for reconstituting hematopoietic cells after exposure to irradiation.
Ginkgo biloba L
Conclusions: This study demonstrated that G. biloba, through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, successfully attenuated 99mTc-sestamibi radiation–induced oxidative organ injury. The latter is a crucial factor of cataractogenesis in rats, suggesting that G. biloba may have a potential benefit in the protection against radiopharmaceuticals.
radioprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba via its antioxidant Action
In relation to modern therapeutics, the extract termed “EGb 761”, present in many other recently commercialized products, is a well-defined preparation of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba that is generally used to treat brain disorders including dementias, neurosensory problems and peripheral circulatory disturbances. This paper discusses the radioprotective effects of EGb 761, with an introduction about free radicals and their role in the radiation–induced oxidative damage.
THE radioprotective effect OF flavonoids FROM GINKGO BILOBA LEAVES
Three water extracts of GBF were prepared (lowdosage 10 mg/100 ml, medium dosage 20 mg/100 ml and high dosage 100 mg/100 ml) and orally administered to mice . After 10 d, the mice were exposed to 8.5Gy -rays. After another 10 d of oral administration, the survival rates were recorded in 30 d. In another experiment, six groups of mice (three GBF groups, radiation control, normal control and cyclophosphamide group) were arranged. The first three groups were orally administered with low, medium and high dosage of GBF respectively for 11d; the other three groups with distilled water. Then the three GBF groups and radiation group were exposed to 1.0Gy -rays. Then they were orally administered again in the following 7d .
Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone-marrow and sperms (AFS) in mice were observed on the 21st day after termination of oral administration. Proliferation rates of lymphocyte (PRL) were determined in the three GBF groups and normal control.
GPC (grape procyanidins)
The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic antioxidant potential and protective effect of grape seed procyanidins (GSP) in combination with Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharides (AAP IV) on radiation injury in splenocytes. Rat splenocyte irradiation resulted in significantly higher apoptosis rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.005), reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01); cell viability, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (p < 0.01), catalase (CAT) (p < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (p < 0.05), activity and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.01) levels were significantly reduced, compared with the control group. “GSP + AAP IV” treatment of rat splenocytes at doses of “GSP (0.3 μg/mL) + AAP IV (50 μg/mL)” displayed higher radioprotective and antioxidative effects than the administration of either GSP or AAP IV, as evident by lower levels of MDA (p < 0.001) concentration, as well as higher cell viability and T-SOD (p < 0.05), CAT (p < 0.005), GSH-PX (p < 0.01) and GSH content compared to the radiation group. In addition, in vivo studies have shown that “GSP + AAP IV” significantly ameliorated the decrease of spleen index (p < 0.005) and spleen GSH (p < 0.005) levels and significantly inhibited the increase of MDA (p < 0.005) levels of spleen with radiation–induced damage, compared with the non-treated group.
The in vivo and in vitro results suggested that GSP and AAP IV have a synergistic protective effect against radiation–induced injury by improving the antioxidant and immunomodulation activities.
study on protective effect of grape procyanidins in radiation injury in radiation-contacted persons
Conclusion: GPC should have protective effects on radiation injury of the radiation-contacted persons.
protective effect of grape procyanidins on oxidiation injury in people exposed to nuclear radiation
Conclusion: GPC can to some extent protect people exposed to nuclear radiation from oxidiation injury.
Grewia asiatica
The radioprotective effect of Grewia asiatica fruit (GAE) which contains anthocyanin-type cyanidin 3-glucoside, vitamins C and A, minerals, carotenes and dietary fibre was studied. For the study Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups: (1) control (vehicle treated); (2) GAE treated (700 mg kg−1 day−1 for 15 days); (3) irradiated (5 Gy); (4) GAE+irradiated and (5) irradiated+GAE treated. The irradiation of animals resulted in a significant elevation of lipid peroxidation in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and depletion in glutathione (GSH) and protein levels at all intervals studied, namely 1–30 days, in comparison to the control group.
Treatment of mice with GAE before and after irradiation caused a significant depletion in TBARS content followed by a significant elevation in GSH and protein concentration in the intestine and testis of mice at all post-irradiation autopsy intervals in comparison to irradiated mice. significant protection of DNA and RNA in testis was also noticed. GAE was found to have strong radical scavenging activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) and O2− assays and also showed in vitro radioprotective activity in protein carbonyl assay in a dose-dependent manner.
The above results prove the radioprotective efficacy of GAE.
radioprotective role of Grewia asiatica in mice blood
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of Grewia asiatica fruit pulp extract (GAE) on Swiss albino mice against radiation induced hematological and biochemical alterations. Swiss albino mice (6–8 weeks) were divided into four groups. Group I (normal) without any treatment. Group II (Drug) was orally supplemented (GAE) once daily at the dose of 700 mg / kg. b.wt / day for 15 days. Group III (control) only irradiated group. GroupIV (Drug+IR) was administered same as group II, then exposed to 5Gy of gamma radiation.
Mice were sacrificed at 24 and 72 hours post irradiation. radiation induced deficit in different blood constituents GSH, GSH-Px, sugar, and protein levels in serum could be significantly increased, whereas radiation induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol level was markedly decreased in GAE pre-treated animals than control group. It showed that GAE provides protection against radiation–induced alterations in blood of Swiss albino mice.
The radioprotective efficacy of methanolic extract of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa) fruit (GAE) against whole body gamma radiation was studied in Swiss albino mice. After drug toxicity test, the oral administration of 700 mg//kg body weight /day of GAE for 15 consecutive days before exposure to 10 Gy of ? radiation was found to afford maximum protection as evidenced by the highest number of survivors after 30 days post irradiation. At this dose level GAE was found to be effective against different levels of radiation doses. LD50/30 value of 6.21 for irradiation alone (control) and 9.53 for Grewia asiatica + irradiation group (experimental) was obtained; a dose reduction factor (DRF) 1.53 was calculated.
The mice of experimental group exhibited significant modulation of radiation– induced decreases of reduced glutathione (GSH) and radiation– induced increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the whole brain and liver at 24 hours after radiation exposure.
Hemidesmus indicus
radiation protection of DNA and membrane in vitro by extract of Hemidesmus indicus
radioprotective effect of H. indicus root extract on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and plasmid DNA was examined. Hemidesmus indicus (HI) root extract was found to protect microsomal membranes as evident from reduction in lipid peroxidation values. The extract could also protect DNA from radiation induced strand breaks.
Hippophae rhamnoides
radioprotective and antioxidant activity of Fractionated extracts of Berries of Hippophae rhamnoides
plants are an abundant source of medicinal compounds, some of which are useful in combating free radical-mediated oxidative stress. In the present study, initially two fractions designated REC-1001 (flavonoid-rich fraction) and REC-1002 (flavonoid-poor fraction) of Hippophae rhamnoides were screened on the basis of their reducing power in the aqueous phase. REC-1001 was selected for further study, since it exhibited 27.38 times higher antioxidant activity than REC-1002. REC-1001 also showed significant (P < .05) membrane protection potential at 50 μg/mL, which was attributed to its ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals (64.82 ± 1.25% scavenging within 1,440 min).
A significant (P < .05) difference of 67.02% in free radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ng/mL between REC-1001 and vitamin E demonstrated the extract fraction’s worth in radiation protection. Such activities were attributed to the presence of quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol in this fraction. Further, REC-1001 was found to be nontoxic up to 200 mg/kg of body weight. This research suggests that the REC-1001 fraction of H. rhamnoides extract is a safe and effective antioxidant nutraceutical product.
Whole-Body radioprotective effects of SBL-1: A Preparation From Leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides
The radioprotective effects of Hippophae rhamnoides (common name, sea buckthorn) leaf extract, designated SBL-1, were investigated in Swiss Albino strain ‘A’ mice. Against 100% mortality in whole-body irradiated (60Co-gamma-rays, 10 Gy) controls, a single dose of the SBL-1 rendered >90% survivors when administered 30 min before irradiation and 90% to 80% survivors when administered 1 to 4 h before irradiation. SBL-1 activated proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells countered a radiation–induced decrease in total thiols and an increase in free radicals in plasma and liver; inhibited lipid peroxidation, and normalized the liver alkaline phosphatase activity.
This study demonstrated high radioprotective potential of H. rhamnoides leaves.
Houttuynia cordata
Conclusion: The main active components of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. have a potential pharmacological effect against RILI via the cancer pathways, TNF signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
Conclusion: H. cordata extracts and its bioactive molecules were shown to have both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. As both in vitro and in vivo studies were shown that H. cordata did not have any toxicity on the various model systems used, future clinical studies will hopefully make an impact on the future direction of treating inflammation-related diseases.
IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin
Conclusion: The study failed to show efficacy of orally-adminstered GSPE in patients with breast induration following radiotherapy for breast cancer.
Ishige okamurae
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effects of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, in mice subjected to gamma irradiation. DPHC significantly decreased the level of radiation–induced intracellular reactive oxygen species in cultured Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells (p < 0.05), enhanced cell viability that decreased after exposure to γ-rays, and reduced radiation–induced apoptosis in the V79-4 cells.
pretreatment with DPHC (100 mg/kg) in mice prior to irradiation significantly protected the intestinal crypt cells in the jejunum (p < 0.01) and maintained villi height (p < 0.01), compared with those of the vehicle-treated irradiated group. Mice pretreated with DPHC also exhibited dose-dependent increases in the bone marrow cell viability. The dose-reduction factor for gamma irradiation in the DPHC-pretreated mice was 2.05 at 3.5 days after irradiation.
These results suggest that DHPC plays a role in protecting cells from irradiation–induced apoptosis, through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species in vitro, and that DPHC significantly protected intestinal progenitor cells and bone marrows cells that were decreased by gamma irradiation in vivo.
In this study, the effects of a polysaccharide purified from the celluclast extract of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented Ishige okamurae (CPFI) against gamma ray-irradiation–induced oxidative stress were investigated in a zebrafish model. CPFI showed an increased extraction yield and high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities. It was further purified using anion-exchange chromatography, and among the six fractions obtained, fraction 2 (AP2), with high glucose and mannose contents, exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity. AP2 improved zebrafish survival and reduced malformations, such as yolk sac oedema and the occurrence of a bent tail. It also reduced cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the zebrafish. Taken together, these results indicate that the AP2 polysaccharide has radioprotective and antioxidant effects, and is a value-added source of functional food ingredients.
Juglans regia
Conclusion: The present findings suggest that MEJR exhibit photo protective effects and hence it may be useful for the treatment of inflammation related responses. The pharmacological mechanism of MEJR partly associated with its uv absorbance, modulation of inflammatory signaling as well as due to its free radical scavenging capability.
Fresh walnut seeds are vulnerable to germination during room-temperature storage, which can be delayed or inhibited by gamma radiation. However, the inhibitory mechanism involves the expression of multiple genes and remains unclear. ‘Liaohe 2’ fresh walnut seeds were exposed to a wide-spectrum dose of 60Co gamma rays and then stored in sand under a suitable humidity at 25 ± 1 °C. Six transcriptome libraries of walnut embryos irradiated at 0 and 50 Gy were investigated at 0, 6 and 12 d of storage using RNA-seq. The results showed that a total of 177 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was detected between the GR0d vs CK0d seeds. With gamma radiation, 471 genes were upregulated and 2835 genes could not be upregulated during the germination of untreated walnuts. Additionally, 1212 genes could not be downregulated, and 166 genes were downregulated. Glutathione and non-homologous end-joining were upregulated immediately after gamma radiation.
In total, 23 upregulated genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and signal transduction pathways were identified during early seed germination, and 79 genes related to ribosomal proteins could not be upregulated at 6 d after gamma radiation. The levels of both abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) increased rapidly at 0 d, and the w(GA3)/w(ABA) ratio decreased significantly at 12 d after gamma radiation. In conclusion, a possible mechanism by which gamma radiation inhibits the germination of fresh walnuts was proposed as follows: gamma radiation first induced a series of stress responses, including the ROS scavenging system and TFs, and prevented the upregulated expression of ribosomal protein genes from 0 to 6 d, resulting in the inhibition of cell division, which is a likely key starting point for germination inhibition. Finally, a hormonal imbalance occurred, and the suppression of the upregulation of stored lipid breakdown genes from 6 to 12 d in treated nuts is proposed as the critical reason for the inhibition of fresh walnut germination by gamma radiation.
Korean Red Ginseng
radiation–induced oral mucositis is a dose-limiting toxic side effect for patients with head and neck cancer. Numerous attempts at improving radiation–induced oral mucositis have not produced a qualified treatment. Ginseng polysaccharide has multiple immuno-protective effects. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on radiation–induced damage in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and in an in vivo zebrafish model. radiation inhibited HaCaT cell proliferation and migration in a cell viability assay and wound healing assay, respectively. KRG protected against these effects. KRG attenuated the radiation–induced embryotoxicity in the zebrafish model.
irradiation of HaCaT cells caused apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). KRG inhibited the radiation–induced apoptosis and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stabilized the radiation–induced loss of MMP. Western blots revealed KRG-mediated reduced expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM), p53, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and cleaved caspase-3, compared with their significant increase after radiation treatment. The collective results suggest that KRG protects HaCaT cells by blocking ROS generation, inhibiting changes in MMP, and inhibiting the caspase, ATM, p38 and JNK pathways.
Conclusion: Taken together, our data suggest that RGSF can be considered and developed for use as an effective radioprotective agent with minimal adverse effects.
effect of Korean Red Ginseng on radiation–induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice
This study investigated the effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on radiation–induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice. C3H/HeN mice were divided into sham and irradiation (3 Gy, gamma-ray) groups. The irradiated mice were treated for 12 wk with vehicle, KRG (per os, p.o.) or KRG (intraperitoneal). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, estradiol level, and biomechanical properties were measured. Tibiae were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. treatment of KRG (p.o., 250 mg/kg of body weight/d) significantly preserved trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, structure model index, and bone mineral density of proximal tibia metaphysic, but did not alter the uterus weight of the mice. Serum ALP level was slightly reduced by KRG treatment. However, grip strength, mechanical property, and cortical bone architecture did not differ among the experimental groups.
The results indicate that KRG can prevent radiation–induced bone loss in mice.
L-Cysteine
Gamma sterilization of bone allografts is used as a gold standard method to provide safety against disease transmission. However, it is well documented that high dose levels of ionizing radiation can degrade bone mechanical properties. This effect, which is attributed to the formation of free radicals through radiolysis of the water content of collagen, can lead to post-implantation difficulties such as pre-failure and/or secondary fractures of bone allografts.
Recently, treatment of irradiated allografts with free radical scavengers is used to protect them against radiation–induced damages. This study aimed to investigate the radioprotective role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) during the gamma sterilization of the cortical bone of bovine femurs using the compressive test. Totally, 195 cubic specimens with a dimension of 5 × 5 × 3 cubic mm were divided into 13 groups including a control and 12 experimental groups exposed to 18, 36, and 70 kGy at three different NAC concentrations (1.25, 12.5, and 25 mM for 18 kGy; 5, 50, and 100 mM for 36 kGy; 10, 100, and 200 mM for 70 kGy). The mechanical behavior of the sterilized specimens was studied using the uniaxial compressive test.
The results indicated a concentration-dependent radioprotection effect of NAC on the plastic properties of the cortical bones. The concentration dependency of NAC was in turn related to radiation dose levels. In conclusion, treatment of bone specimens with a characteristic concentration of NAC during exposure to specific radiation dose levels can provide an efficient radioprotection window for preserving the mechanical stability of gamma sterilized allografts.
One of the biggest challenges in front of the radiobiologists is to determine appropriate, non-toxic radioprotectors that would prevent the development of radiation–induced injuries. During the last years it was found that natural metabolites could be used as non-toxic radioprotectors. N-acetyl-L-cysteine is an amino acid, which is involved in homocysteine metabolic pathway. Trimethylglycine (betaine) is an amino acid, which is synthesized by choline oxidation. The purpose of that study was to determine the potential radioprotective ability of both amino acids, applied therapeutically separately and in combination to irradiate with 1 Gy absorbed dose human lymphocytes cell cultures. Have been used the dosimetry methods karyotyping of chromosomal abnormalities and cytogenetic assay.
Those methods were used to determine the presence of radiation–induced chromosome aberrations, such as dicentric and ring chromosomes. The results of that study showed significant reduction of the examined chromosome aberrations number in the following order: trymethylglicine – N-acetyl-L-cysteine – combined action. Reducing of their number directly correlated with the radioprotective ability of the amino acids to decrease the risk of serious radiation damage.
The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on apical junctions in colonic epithelium and mucosal barrier function in mice in vivo. Adult mice were subjected to total body irradiation (4 Gy) with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) feeding for 5 days before irradiation. At 2–24 h postirradiation, the integrity of colonic epithelial tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and the actin cytoskeleton was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis of detergent-insoluble fractions for TJ and AJ proteins. The barrier function was evaluated by measuring vascular-to-luminal flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in vivo and luminal-to-mucosal flux in vitro. oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring protein thiol oxidation.
Confocal microscopy showed that radiation caused redistribution of occludin, zona occludens-1, claudin-3, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, as well as the actin cytoskeleton as early as 2 h postirradiation, and this effect was sustained for at least 24 h. Feeding NAC before irradiation blocked radiation–induced disruption of TJ, AJ, and the actin cytoskeleton. radiation increased mucosal permeability to inulin in colon, which was blocked by NAC feeding. The level of reduced-protein thiols in colon was depleted by radiation with a concomitant increase in the level of oxidized-protein thiol. NAC feeding blocked the radiation–induced protein thiol oxidation. These data demonstrate that radiation rapidly disrupts TJ, AJ, and the actin cytoskeleton by an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism that can be prevented by NAC feeding.
Laminaria japonica extract
effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides on radioprotection and splenic lymphocyte apoptosis
To investigate radioprotective effect of laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) and its possible mechanism. The Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, the normal group, the model group and four LJP treatment groups(100, 200, 300 and 400 mg.kg～(-1).d～(-1)). LJP of four different doses was applied to different group respectively for 10 d before whole-body irradiation with #gamma#-ray(9.0 Cy). The indexes of humoral immune, cellular immune, nonspecific immune functions and apoptosis ratio of splenic lymphocyte were measured 18 h later.
The related immune indexes of the positive control group were obviously lower than those of the normal group. The apoptosis ratio of splenic lymphocyte in the positive control group was higher than that in other groups. LJP signfficantly modulated immune function in irradiated rat and there was a dose-effect relationship in a certain range of dosage. The radio-protective action of LJP is due, at least in part, to its arrestment of lymphocyte apoptosis.
potential applications of radioprotective phytochemicals from marine algae
The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive elements is becoming increasingly popular with the rapid developments in nuclear technology, radiotherapy, and radio diagnostic methods. However, ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly cause life-threatening complications such as cancer, radiation burns, and impaired immunity. Environmental contamination with radioactive elements and the depletion of ozone layer also contribute to the increased levels of radiation exposure. radioprotective natural products have particularly received attention for their potential usefulness in counteracting radiation–induced damage because of their reduced toxicity compared with most drugs currently in use. Moreover, radioprotective substances are used as ingredients in cosmetic formulations in order to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation.
Over the past few decades, the exploration of marine algae has revealed the presence of radioprotective phytochemicals, such as phlorotannins, polysaccharides, carotenoids and other compounds. With their promising radioprotective effects, marine algae could be a future source for discovering potential radioprotective substances for development as useful in therapeutics.
effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) on radiation damage of testis tissue in male rats
Objective: To observe the effect of laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) on local radiation damage of testis tissue in male rats.
Methods: The Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the normal group, the model group, positive control group and LJP treatment group (50 mg·kg-1·d-1). LJP was applied to the treatment group for 10 d before local irradiation with γ-ray (6.0 Gy). The morphological change of the testis, organ index of testis and epididymides, sperm count, motility rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonic aldehyde (MDA) contents were measured.
Results: LJP could make the damaged testis recover to near normal, elevate the organ index of testis and epididymides, promote the sperm count and motility rate, increase the activity of SOD and decrease the contents of MDA in testis tissue.
Conclusions: LJP could inhibit testis tissue damage induced by local radiation, hence enhance the significant radioprotective effect to testis tissue. LJP has the conspicuous protective effect on radiation damage of testis tissue.
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort extract
The ethanolic extracts of some Chinese traditional herb drugs, reported by Hong-Fu Wang et al. in China, could inhibit platelet aggregation as well as protect against radiation damage in mice, rat and rabbits. The inhibitory effects of the extracts of five Chinese drugs on the rate of platelet aggregation were observed in both in vitro and in vivo tests, averaging 23–53% in vitro and 46–69% in vivo. Antiradiation tests on mice vs. 7.5–8.0 Gy of γ-radiation, using the herb drug extracts as protective agents, showed increasing survival rates by 8–50%. Based on Hong-Fu Wang’s report, a search for the active constituents of these herb drugs in inhibiting platelet aggregation and protecting animals against radiation damage was started. In this research program, a Chinese traditional drug, Rhizoma Chuanxiong (rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.) was chosen. Three types of chemicals present in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, appeared promising for testing: 1-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)indole, 4-hydroxyl-3-butylidenephthalide and 5-hydroxyl-3-butylidenephthalide, and 4-hydroxyl-3-methoxycinnamyl 4-hydroxyl-3-methoxycinnamate. A total of 56 compounds of these derivatives has been synthesized and 30 were synthesized for the first time.
The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. From this research program, a very mild dehydrogenation method was developed. It was by using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in acetonitrile at ice bath temperature to dehydrogenate 1-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)indole into 1-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furyl)-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)indole. This project showed for the first time that harmanoid alkaloids have the activity of inhibition of plate aggregation by 4 to 23 times that of aspirin.
These results aid in establishing a relation between radiation protection in animals and prevention of platelet hyperaggregation
Background: Owing to their high volatile aroma, the dried rhizomes of Cnidium officinale (C. officinale) and Ligusticum chuanxiong (L. chuanxiong) are used as herbal drugs to treat blood pressure depressant, a deficiency disease of antivitamin, inhibition of small intestine sympathetic nerve and as cosmetics for skin care. However, little has been known about the protective effect of their essential oils against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced DNA damage.
Methods: In this study, we report antioxidant activity of their essential oils using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assay. In addition, the composition of essential oils was measured by GC/MS. We also investigated whether these essential oils could inhibit UVB–induced DNA damage and apoptosis in the mammalian cell using intracellular DNA migration and expression level of phospho-H2A.X.
Results: Twenty constituents in the essential oil were identified and they showed good antioxidant properties, in that IC50 value in DPPH and ABTS showed 6.79 and 7.33 μg/ml and 1.58 and 1.58 μg/ml in C. officinale and L. chuanxiong. Their treatment inhibited the migration of damaged DNA induced by uv-B; furthermore, they decreased p21 expression and increased cyclin D1 expression as apoptosis-regulatory genes.
Conclusions: These results suggest that essential oils in C. officinale and L. chuanxiong may exert inhibitory effects on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by UVB through their high free radical scavenging ability.
Linum usitatissimum
Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Flaxseed (linseed, Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae) is widely used for its edible oil in many parts of the world. The present study investigates the radioprotective and antioxidative potential of flaxseed oil (FO). Swiss albino mice were administered FO orally once daily for 15 consecutive days, then exposed to a single dose of 5 Gy of gamma radiation. Lipid peroxide, reduced glutathione and total protein were estimated in the liver. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid and alkaline phosphatase estimations in serum were also carried out. radiation–induced increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), AST, ALT and acid phosphatase were significantly ameliorated by flaxseed oil pretreatment, and radiation–induced depletion in the level of glutathione (GSH) and alkaline phosphatase activities was significantly inhibited by flaxseed oil administration.
The lifespan was increased in the flaxseed oil treated irradiated mice in comparison with their respective control mice, with survival data showing an LD50/30 (lethal dose for 50% of animals after 30 days) of 7.1 and 10 Gy for control and FO treated irradiated mice, respectively, and produced a dose reduction factor for flaxseed oil (DRF) of 1.40. radiation–induced deficits in body and organ weight were significantly reduced or prevented in flaxseed oil pretreated mice. The protection afforded by flaxseed oil may be attributed to the constituents of the oil, which include omega-3 essential fatty acids and phytoestrogenic lignans, which appear to play an important role in free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching.
The study does not rule out the possibility of a prophylactic potential of flaxseed oil against radiation–induced degenerative changes in liver.
The aim of this study is to determine antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of flax seed oil (FSO) on rats exposed to ultraviolet C (uvC). Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in lens, skin and serum. In addition, β-carotene, vitamin A, C and E contents were measured in serum, while apoptosis was determined in retina. Rats were divided into three groups as control, uvC and uvC + FSO. uvC and uvC + FSO groups were exposed to uvC light for 1 h twice a day for 4 weeks. FSO (4 ml/kg bw) was given by gavage before each irradiation period to the uv + FSO group. While MDA and PC levels of the uvC group increased compared to the control group, their levels decreased in the uvC + FSO group compared with the uvC group in skin, lens and serum.
Skin GSH level decreased significantly in the uvC and uvC + FSO groups. As GPx and SOD activities of the uvC group were lower, their activities were higher in the uvC + FSO group in skin, lens and serum. There was only marked elevation of vitamin A level in the uvC group compared to the control group. apoptosis increased in the uvC group and the uvC + FSO groups in retina. However, retinal apoptosis were lower in the uvC + FSO group compared with the uvC group.
This investigation demonstrated that uvC exposure led to oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats as reflected by increased MDA, PC contents and decreased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels, FSO may be useful for preventing photoreactive damage.
protective effect of flax seed oil against radiation induced hematological alterations in mammals
Human beings are exposed to ionizing and non ionizing radiation from natural as well as manmade sources. Ionizing radiations are one of the predominant exogenous factors that have deleterious consequences to human life. exposure to ionizing radiations damages the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal or central nervous systems, depending on radiation dose. Hence, there is an urgent need to prevent such deleterious effects caused due to ionizing radiations. Chemical protection involves the use of synthetic and natural products against planned radiation exposure. medicinal plants are rich in antioxidants and their chemical constituents may be the potential source for radioprotective agents. Linum usitatissimum plant (family: Linaceae), source of flaxseed oil (FSO), is well known for its anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotector, antiulcer properties owing to the presence of various phytochemicals.
The present study has been focused to find out the preventive action of flaxseed oil against radiation induced hematological and biochemical lesions in mammals. For this purpose, FSO (50μL/animal/day) was orally administered to Swiss albino mice for five days, prior to 6 Gy gamma radiation exposure. The animals were sacrificed on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th and 30th day after irradiation. radiation treated control group exhibited significant reduction in erythrocytes count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit value and total WBC count in peripheral blood. In contrast, pretreatment with FSO significantly increased all these blood constituents. Further, the antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase showed a significant elevation in FSO pretreated group which were reduced in irradiated control group. Similarly, radiation induced increase lipid peroxidation in blood was significantly inhibited after FSO treatment.
The present results indicate that the flaxseed oil has the ability to debilitate the radiation induced adverse alterations in the peripheral blood throughout the experiment in mammals.
Lonicera japonica
enhanced uv radiation can change plant biology, especially secondary metabolites, yet the effects on postharvest medicinal plant tissues are now rarely researched. Therefore, our study was aimed to explore changes of secondary metabolites and pharmacological activities involved in the response to enhanced uv-A and uv-B radiation induction in freshly collected flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. We found that after uv-A and uv-B radiation, the content of seven compounds dramatically increased. We identified these compounds by HPLC–MS, which were four kinds of iridoid and three kinds of isochlorogenic acid. antioxidant experiment showed that the antioxidant power of methanol extracts from the flower buds represented enhancement to a certain extent after uv-A and uv-B radiation, compared to control group.
Featured by the shorter period required, the fewer experimental costs as well as the easier procedures to carry out, uv radiation would be a novel and feasible method to increase the health-related compounds of fresh postharvest medicinal plant tissues.
Postharvest ultraviolet-B (uv-B) radiation can modulate the accumulation of bioactive compounds with many pharmacological effects in plants. Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is a uv-B tolerant crop which has a high medical value. The effects of uv-B on bioactive compounds in its flowers have been reported, while very few studies focused on the leaves and stems. Therefore, the effects of postharvest uv-B radiation on basic physiological traits and bioactive compounds (polysaccharides and secondary metabolites) in the leaves, stems and flowers of honeysuckle were investigated in this study. In this study, the leaves, stems and flowers of honeysuckle were exposed to uv-B radiation (0, 8.4 and 22.4 μW cm−2) for different times (2, 4, 6 and 8 h), and variables were detected after 24 h after they were able to get a repair time. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble sugar, and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in postharvest leaves were increased after uv-B treatment. But the malonaldehyde (MDA) content in leaves decreased when the duration of uv-B treatment lasted for 4 h.
Besides, the contents of polysaccharide, total polyphenols, total flavonoid, and chlorogenic acid in different organs all increased significantly and reached a peak under the uv-B1 (8.4μW cm−2) treatment for 2 h, whereas they reached the lowest point under the 6 h of uv-B2 (22.4μW cm−2) exposure according to the heat map analysis. Interestingly, the Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content was positively correlated with the chlorogenic acid content in the flowers of honeysuckle, and the total flavonoid content was negatively correlated with the contents of chlorophyll, CAT and carotenoid in plant leaves. In a word, the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide of honeysuckle can be increased by postharvest uv-B, and the quality can be improved by adjusting its physiological traits.
In addition, the content of bioactive substances is correlated with the physiological traits. The results will provide a basis for improving the medicinal values of honeysuckle by postharvest uv-B treatment.
Lonicera japonica Thunb, also known as Jin Yin Hua and Japanese honeysuckle, is used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries. Its flowers have been used in folk medicine in the clinic and in making food or healthy beverages for over 1500 years in China. To investigate the molecular processes involved in L. japonica development from buds to flowers exposed to uv radiation, a comparative proteomics analysis was performed. Fifty-four proteins were identified as differentially expressed, including 42 that had increased expression and 12 that had decreased expression. The levels of the proteins related to glycolysis, TCA/organic acid transformation, major carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative pentose phosphate, stress, secondary metabolism, hormone, and mitochondrial electron transport were increased during flower opening process after exposure to uv radiation. Six metabolites in L. japonica buds and flowers were identified and relatively quantified using LC-MS/MS.
The antioxidant activity was performed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, which revealed that L. japonica buds had more activity than the uv irradiated flowers. This suggests that uv-B radiation induces production of endogenous ethylene in L. japonica buds, thus facilitating blossoming of the buds and activating the antioxidant system.
Additionally, the higher metabolite contents and antioxidant properties of L. japonica buds indicate that the L. japonica bud stage may be a more optimal time to harvest than the flower stage when using for medicinal properties.
lutein
Conclusion: The present study suggests a protective role for lutein in palliating radiation–induced oxidative changes and maintaining the antioxidant system in vivo.
Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation–induced inflammation and immunosuppression
With aging and cancer there is increased expression or activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade and remodel the structural extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, exposure of skin to ultraviolet (uv) radiation (photoaging) leads to loss of cell viability, membrane damage, and deposition of excessive elastotic material. Lutein has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The goal of this research was to investigate lutein’s anti-aging and anti-carcinogenic effects via the regulation of the extracellular matrix remodeling. To this purpose, the effects of lutein on the expression of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases) in dermal fibroblasts (intrinsic aging) and melanoma cells were examined. Further, for lutein’s photoprotective effects, the regulation of cell viability, membrane integrity, and elastin expression in the non-irradiated, and uvA or UVB radiation exposed fibroblasts were analyzed.
Lutein significantly inhibited MMP-1 expression, transcriptionally, and MMP-2 protein levels in dermal fibroblasts, without altering TIMPs expression. It significantly inhibited MMP-1 expression in melanoma cells while stimulating TIMP-2. Lutein did not alter fibroblast or melanoma cell viability or membrane integrity. In ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts, lutein improved cell viability, membrane integrity and inhibited elastin expression, though more significantly in the UVB exposed fibroblasts.
In summary, the mechanism to lutein’s anti-aging and anti-carcinogenic effects include the inhibition of MMP to TIMP ratio in dermal fibroblasts and melanoma cells, and the inhibition of cell loss, membrane damage and elastin expression in ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts.
Lycium ruthenicum Murr
protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Against radiation Injury in Mice
The protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. against radiation injury was examined in mice. Kunming mice were randomly divided into a control group, model group, positive drug group and L. ruthenicum high dose (8 g/kg), L. ruthenicum middle dose (4 g/kg), L. ruthenicum low dose (2 g/kg) treatment groups, for which doses were administered the third day, seventh day and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum extract was administered orally to the mice in the three treatment groups and normal saline was administered orally to the mice in the control group and model group for 14 days. The positive group was treated with amifostine (WR-2721) at 30 min before irradiation.
Except for the control group, the groups of mice received a 5 Gy quantity of X-radiation evenly over their whole body at one time. Body weight, hemogram, thymus and spleen index, DNA, caspase-3, caspase-6, and P53 contents were observed at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could significantly increase the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin count and DNA contents (p < 0.05). The spleen index recovered significantly by the third day and 14th day after irradiation (p < 0.05). L. ruthenicum low dose group showed a significant reduction in caspase-3 and caspase-6 of serum in mice at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation and L. ruthenicum middle dose group experienced a reduction in caspase-6 of serum in mice by the seventh day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could decrease the expression of P53.
The results showed that L. ruthenicum had protective effects against radiation injury in mice.
protective effects of Lycium ruthenicum murr on x-radiation injured mice
The protective effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. against radiation injury was examined in mice. Kunming mice were randomly divided into a control group, model group, positive drug group and L. ruthenicum high dose (8 g/kg), L. ruthenicum middle dose (4 g/kg), L. ruthenicum low dose (2 g/kg) treatment groups, for which doses were administered the third day, seventh day and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum extract was administered orally to the mice in the three treatment groups and normal saline was administered orally to the mice in the control group and model group for 14 days. The positive group was treated with amifostine (WR-2721) at 30 min before irradiation.
Except for the control group, the groups of mice received a 5 Gy quantity of X-radiation evenly over their whole body at one time. Body weight, hemogram, thymus and spleen index, DNA, caspase-3, caspase-6, and P53 contents were observed at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could significantly increase the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin count and DNA contents (p < 0.05). The spleen index recovered significantly by the third day and 14th day after irradiation (p < 0.05). L. ruthenicum low dose group showed a significant reduction in caspase-3 and caspase-6 of serum in mice at the third day, seventh day, and 14th day after irradiation and L. ruthenicum middle dose group experienced a reduction in caspase-6 of serum in mice by the seventh day after irradiation. L. ruthenicum could decrease the expression of P53.
The results showed that L. ruthenicum had protective effects against radiation injury in mice.
Lycopene
Radio-protectors are agents that protect human cells and tissues from undesirable effects of ionizing radiation by mainly scavenging radiation–induced free radicals. Although chemical radio-protectors diminish these deleterious side effects they induce a number of unwanted effects on humans such as blood pressure modifications, vomiting, nausea, and both local and generalized cutaneous reactions. These disadvantages have led to emphasis on the use of some botanical radio-protectants as alternatives. This review has collected and organized studies on a plant-derived radio-protector, lycopene. Lycopene protects normal tissues and cells by scavenging free radicals.
Therefore, treatment of cells with lycopene prior to exposure to an oxidative stress, oxidative molecules or ionizing radiation may be an effective approach in diminishing undesirable effects of radiation byproducts. Studies have designated lycopene to be an effective radio-protector with negligible side effects.
The present study aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effect of lycopene, a naturally occurring dietary carotenoid on γ-radiation–induced toxicity. The cellular changes were estimated by using lipid peroxidative indices like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxides (HP), the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The DNA damage was analyzed by cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN), dicentric aberration (DC) and translocation frequency. The γ-radiation at different doses (1, 2 and 4 Gy) resulted in a significant increase in the number of micronuclei (MN), DC, translocation frequency, TBARS and HP level, whereas the levels of GSH and antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased when compared with normal control.
The maximum damage to lymphocytes was observed at 4 Gy irradiation. Lycopene pretreatment (1, 5 and 10 μg/ml) significantly decreased the frequency of MN, DC and translocation when compared with γ-radiation control. The levels of TBARS, HP were also decreased and activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were significantly increased along with GSH levels when compared with γ-radiation control. The dose of 5 μg/ml of lycopene was found to be more effective than the other two doses.
Thus, our result shows that pretreatment with lycopene offers protection to normal lymphocytes against γ-radiation–induced cellular damage.
The small intestine displays numerous morphological and functional alterations after exposure to ionizing radiations. oxidative stress and changes in monoamines levels may contribute toward some of these alterations. The objective of the current work is to evaluate the efficacy of lycopene on radiation–induced damage in the small intestine. Lycopene (5 mg/kg BW) was given to male albino rats, via gavages for 7 days before whole body exposure to gamma ray (6 Gy). irradiated animals, sacrificed 7 days after irradiation, showed sloughing villi, ulcers, and ruptured goblet cells, shrinkage of submucosa layers, more fibers and fibroblasts.
Histopathological changes were associated with a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and alteration in xanthine oxidoreductase system (XOR). In parallel, significant decreases in reduced glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were recorded. gamma irradiation has also induced a significant decrease in the level of monoamines: serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI) associated with an increase in monoamine-oxidase (MAO) activity. Lycopene pretreatment has significantly improved the oxidant/antioxidant status, which was associated with significant regeneration of the small intestine, and improved monoamines levels.
Based on these results, it is concluded that lycopene may protect the small intestine against radiation–induced damage.
Mentha arvensis
Conclusion: From our study it is clear that mint extract provides protection against the radiation–induced sickness and mortality and the optimum protective dose of 10 mg/kg is safe from the point of drug-induced toxicity.
radioprotective potential of plants and herbs against the effects of ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiations produce deleterious effects in the living organisms and the rapid technological advancement has increased human exposure to ionizing radiations enormously. There is a need to protect humans against such effects of ionizing radiation. Attempts to protect against the deleterious effects of ionizing radiations by pharmacological intervention were made as early as 1949 and efforts are continued to search radioprotectors, which may be of great help for human application.
This review mainly dwells on the radioprotective potential of plant and herbal extracts. The results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that several botanicals such as Gingko biloba, Centella asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Ocimum sanctum, Panax ginseng, Podophyllum hexandrum, Amaranthus paniculatus, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Piper longum, Tinospora cordifoila, Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale, Ageratum conyzoides, Aegle marmelos and Aphanamixis polystachya protect against radiation–induced lethality, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
The fractionation-guided evaluation may help to develop new radioprotectors of desired activities.
Mentha piperita
radioprotection of Swiss albino mice by plant extract Mentha piperita (Linn.)
The oral administration of Mentha extract (ME) before exposure to gamma radiation was found to be effective in increasing the frequency of radiation–induced endogenous spleen colonies. A significant increase in the weight of the spleen was observed in animals of the Mentha and radiation combined group in comparison to the irradiation-alone group on day 10 of postirradiation. Furthermore, a significant increase in the body weight of animals in the Mentha and radiation combined group was observed in all the radiation doses studied. A regression analysis of survival data yielded LD50/30 as 6.48 ± 0.07 and 11.59 ± 0.21 Gy for the irradiation-alone and the Mentha and radiation combined group, respectively, and produced a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.78. significant increases in total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit values were observed in the animals of the Mentha and radiation combined group in comparison to the hematological values observed in the irradiation-alone group at all radiation doses studied (6, 8, and 10 Gy). A dose-dependent decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content and an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were observed in control animals.
However, the animals of the Mentha and radiation combined group exhibited a significant increase in GSH content and a decrease in LPO level, but the values remained below normal. A significant increase in the serum alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the animals of the Mentha and radiation combined group during the entire period of study, and normal range was evident at 24 h (6 Gy) and day 5 (8 Gy). However, this level could not be restored even at day 30 in 10 Gy exposed animals. Measured acid phosphatase activity in the animals of the Mentha and radiation combined group was found to be significantly lower than the respective controls and attained normal value at day 5 (6 and 8 Gy) and day 20 (10 Gy).
Moringa oleifera leaf
Protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) against radiation–induced lipid peroxidation has been investigated. Swiss albino mice, selected from an inbred colony, were administered with MoLE (300 mg/kg body wt) for 15 days before exposing to a single dose of 5 Gy 60Co-gamma radiation. After treatments, animals were necropsied at different post irradiation intervals (days 1, 7 and 15) and hepatic lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were estimated to observe the relative changes due to irradiation and its possible amelioration by MoLE. It was observed that, MoLE treatment restored GSH in liver and prevented radiation induced augmentation in hepatic lipid peroxidation.
Phytochemical analysis showed that MoLE possess various phytochemicals such as ascorbic acid, phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, myricetin) etc., which may play the key role in prevention of hepatic lipid peroxidation by scavenging radiation induced free radicals.
Leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Prevents Ionizing radiation–induced oxidative stress in Mice
The present study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) against radiation–induced oxidative stress, which is assessed in terms of inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Swiss albino mice were administered MoLE (300 mg/kg of body weight) for 15 consecutive days before exposing them to a single dose of 5 Gy of 60Co γ-irradiation. Mice were sacrificed at 4 hours after irradiation. Liver was collected for immunoblotting and biochemical tests for the detection of markers of hepatic oxidative stress. nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and lipid peroxidation were augmented, whereas the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were decreased by radiation exposure. Translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus and lipid peroxidation were found to be inhibited, whereas increases in SOD, CAT, GSH, and FRAP were observed in the mice treated with MoLE prior to irradiation.
Therefore pretreatment with MoLE protected against γ-radiation–induced liver damage. The protection may be attributed to the free radical scavenging activity of MoLE, through which it can ameliorate radiation–induced oxidative stress.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) and/or low doses of gamma radiation (LDR) on amiodarone (AMD)-induced lung toxicity in rats. AMD administered to female albino rats (100 mg/kg body weight) for 10 consecutive days. Rats received methanolic extract of MO (250 mg/kg bwt) for 15 successive days and/or were exposed to whole body LDR (0.25Gy on the 1st and 10th days, up to a total dose of 0.5Gy). MO administration induced a significant decrease in serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) levels as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Also, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HYP) was significantly decreased in lung tissue. Furthermore, MO significantly increased reduced glutathione (GSH) content in lung tissue as compared with AMD. The histopathological investigation of lung tissue revealed the appearance of interstitial pneumonia in rats treated with AMD.
The oral administration of MO and/or exposure to LDR reversed the biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by AMD. It can be posited that MO and LDR might have a considerable role in the prevention of lung toxicity induced by AMD.
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine
The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on apical junctions in colonic epithelium and mucosal barrier function in mice in vivo. Adult mice were subjected to total body irradiation (4 Gy) with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) feeding for 5 days before irradiation. At 2–24 h postirradiation, the integrity of colonic epithelial tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and the actin cytoskeleton was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis of detergent-insoluble fractions for TJ and AJ proteins. The barrier function was evaluated by measuring vascular-to-luminal flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in vivo and luminal-to-mucosal flux in vitro. oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring protein thiol oxidation.
Confocal microscopy showed that radiation caused redistribution of occludin, zona occludens-1, claudin-3, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, as well as the actin cytoskeleton as early as 2 h postirradiation, and this effect was sustained for at least 24 h. Feeding NAC before irradiation blocked radiation–induced disruption of TJ, AJ, and the actin cytoskeleton. radiation increased mucosal permeability to inulin in colon, which was blocked by NAC feeding. The level of reduced-protein thiols in colon was depleted by radiation with a concomitant increase in the level of oxidized-protein thiol. NAC feeding blocked the radiation–induced protein thiol oxidation.
These data demonstrate that radiation rapidly disrupts TJ, AJ, and the actin cytoskeleton by an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism that can be prevented by NAC feeding.
The thiol N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is a source of cysteine for the synthesis of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) which is depleted by ultraviolet radiation. It is also associated with the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study the effects of NAC were examined in cultured human fibroblasts during prolonged exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB), ultraviolet A (uvA) and visible irradiation (280–700 nm), delivered by a 150 W xenon-arc lamp. The alkaline comet assay was used to assess the DNA damage in individual cells. It was found that incubating skin and lung fibroblasts at 37 °C for 1 h with an optimal 6 mM NAC supplement prior to light exposure, significantly reduced the level of DNA damage in both cell types, however, the skin fibroblasts were less sensitive to xenon-arc lamp irradiation than lung fibroblasts. NAC incubation resulted in an initial delay in DNA damage when the cells were irradiated. There was also a significant reduction in the overall levels of DNA damage observed with continued irradiation. NAC significantly reduced the DNA damage produced in lung fibroblasts depleted of normal GSH protection by the glutamylcysteinyl synthetase inhibitor, l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine.
Although the specific mechanism of NAC protection has not yet been elucidated, these results support the hypothesis that NAC may protect the cells directly, by scavenging ROS induced by uvA and visible radiation, and indirectly by donating cysteine for GSH synthesis.
Conclusion: Since many signaling molecules contain redox sensitive cysteine residues that regulate enzyme activity, we suggest that the effects of NAC on radiation–induced signal transduction are due to its ability to alter the intracellular reducing environment, and not related to direct scavenging of ROS.
Nelumbo nucifera
Procyanidins extracted with acetone–water from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seedpod (LSPCs) were evaluated for in vivo radioprotective activity against whole body gamma irradiation in Swiss albino mice. pretreated with LSPCs 200 mg/kg by intragastric (i.g.) for 15 days was found to be the most effective dose in preventing radiation sickness, reducing radiation–induced mortality, increasing mean survival time and elevating radiation median lethal dose (LD50) from 8.9 to 10.5 Gy, indicating a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 1.18.
Further, administered LSPCs at a dose of 200 mg/kg could effectively maintain spleen index close to normal, stimulate endogenous spleen colony forming units, promote the levels of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets and hemoglobin in peripheral blood, and prevent spleen and skin damage in irradiated mice, reduce the level of radiation–induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow, maintain the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio (P/N ratio) and significantly decrease bone marrow chromosomal damage.
Alternatively, pretreated with LSPCs (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, and elevated the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in liver after irradiation. Thus LSPCs possess a strong whole body radioprotective activity, and it may be used as a radioprotector.
The radioprotective effect of isoquercitrin-abundant fraction (IAF) of N. nucifera Gaertn. Ieaf extract against γ-irradiation–induced oxidative stress was evaluated by the lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes (LPDAs) as a marker for oxidative risk in mice urine, and the DNA damage using comet assay in RAW 264.7 cells. Mice that were treated with IAF (50 mg/kg) and γ-irradiation showed considerably decreased LPDA levels relative to those that had received γ-irradiation alone.
Furthermore, pretreatment with IAF resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of DNA damage in cells. It is demonstrated that pretreatment with IAF of N. nucifera Gaertn. gives protection against irradiation–induced cellular damage
nicotinamide
Oxygen deficient hypoxic cells, which are resistant to sparsely ionising radiation, have now been identified in most animal and some human solid tumours and will influence the response of those tumours to radiation treatment. This hypoxia can be either chronic, arising from an oxygen diffusion limitation, or acute, resulting from transient stoppages in microregional blood flow. Although clinical attempts to overcome hypoxia have met with some success, the results have been far from satisfactory, and efforts are still being made to find better methods. Extensive experimental studies, especially in the last decade, have shown that nicotinamide and structurally related analogs can effectively sensitise murine tumours to both single and fractionated radiation treatments and that they do so in preference to the effects seen in mouse normal tissues. The earliest studies suggested that this enhancement of radiation damage was the result of an inhibition of the repair mechanisms, as was well documented in vitro. However, recent studies in mouse tumours have shown that the primary mode of action actually involves a reduction in tumour hypoxia.
More specifically, these drugs prevent transient cessations in blood flow, thus inhibiting the development of acute hypoxia. This novel discovery led to the suggestion that the potential role of these agents as radiosensitizers would be when combined with treatments that overcame chronic hypoxia. The first attempt to demonstrate this combined nicotinamide with hyperthermia and found that the enhancement of radiation damage by both agents together was greater than that seen with each agent alone. Similar results were later seen for nicotinamide combined with a perfluorochemical emulsion, carbogen breathing, and pentoxifylline, and in all these studies the effects in tumours were always greater than those seen in appropriate normal tissues.
Of all the analogs, it is nicotinamide itself which has been the most extensively studied as a radiosensitizer in vivo and the one that shows the greatest effect in animal tumours. It is also an agent that has been well established clinically for the treatment of a variety of disorders, with daily doses of up to 6 g being considered reasonably safe and associated with a low incidence of side effects. This human dose is equivalent to 100–200 mg/kg in mice and such doses will maximally sensitize murine tumours to radiation.
These findings have now resulted in phase I/II clinical trials of nicotinamide, in combination with carbogen breathing, as a potential radiosensitizing treatment.
Nicotinamide prevents ultraviolet radiation‐induced cellular energy loss
Uv radiation is carcinogenic by causing mutations in the skin and also by suppressing cutaneous antitumor immunity. We previously found nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to be highly effective at reducing uv–induced immunosuppression in human volunteers, with microarray studies on in vivo irradiated human skin suggesting that nicotinamide normalizes subsets of apoptosis, immune function and energy metabolism-related genes that are downregulated by uv exposure. Using human adult low calcium temperature keratinocytes, we further investigated nicotinamide’s effects on cellular energy metabolism. We found that nicotinamide prevented uv–induced cellular ATP loss and protected against uv–induced glycolytic blockade.
To determine whether nicotinamide alters the effects of uv–induced oxidative stress posttranslationally, we also measured uv–induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nicotinamide had no effect on ROS formation, and at the low uv doses used in these studies, equivalent to ambient daily sun exposure, there was no evidence of apoptosis. Hence, nicotinamide appears to exert its uv protective effects on the skin via its role in cellular energy pathways.
uv radiation–induced immunosuppression is greater in men and prevented by topical nicotinamide
uv radiation–induced immunosuppression augments cutaneous carcinogenesis. The incidence of skin cancer continues to increase despite increased use of sunscreens, which are less effective at preventing immunosuppression than sunburn. Using the Mantoux reaction as a model of skin immunity, we investigated the effects of solar-simulated (ss) uv and its component uvA and UVB wavebands and tested the ability of topical nicotinamide to protect from uv–induced immunosuppression. Healthy, Mantoux-positive volunteers were uv–irradiated on their backs, with 5% nicotinamide or vehicle applied to different sites in a randomized, double-blinded manner. Subsequent Mantoux testing at irradiated and adjacent unirradiated sites enabled measurement of uv–induced immunosuppression with and without nicotinamide.
Suberythemal ssuv caused significant immunosuppression, although component UVB and uvA doses delivered independently did not. Men were immunosuppressed by ssuv doses three times lower than those required to immunosuppress women. This may be an important cause of the higher skin cancer incidence and mortality observed in men. Topical nicotinamide prevented immunosuppression, with gene chip microarrays suggesting that the mechanisms of protection may include alterations in complement, energy metabolism and apoptosis pathways. Nicotinamide is a safe and inexpensive compound that could be added to sunscreens or after-sun lotions to improve protection from immunosuppression. immunosuppression.
Nigella sativa L.
Radiotherapy is one of the most common therapies for treating human cancers. Several studies have indicated that irradiation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in radiation damage of the cell. It has been shown that Nigella saliva L. (NS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) have both an antiperoxidative effect on different tissues and a scavenger effect on ROS. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and radio-protective roles of NS and GSH against irradiation–induced oxidative injury in an experimental model. The NS group was administrated NS (1 mL/kg body weight), the GSH group was injected GSH (150 mg/kg body weight) and the control group was given physiologic saline solution (1 mL/kg body weight) for 30 consecutive days before exposure to a single dose of 6 Gy of radiation.
Animals were sacrificed after irradiation. Malondialdehyde, nitrate, nitrite (oxidative stress markers) and ascorbic acid, retinol, β-carotene, GSH and ceruloplasmin (nonenzymatic antioxidant markers) levels and peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured in all groups. There were statistically significant differences between the groups for all parameters (P < 0.05). Whole-body irradiation caused a significant increase in blood malondialdehyde, nitrate and nitrite levels. The blood oxidative stress marker levels in irradiated rats that were pretreated with NS and GSH were significantly decreased; however, non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were significantly increased. Also, our results suggest that NS and GSH administration prior to irradiation prevent the number of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase peripheral blood T lymphocytes from declining.
These results clearly show that NS and GSH treatment significantly antagonize the effects of radiation. Therefore, NS and GSH may be a beneficial agent in protection against ionizing radiation-related tissue injury.
protection against radiation–induced oxidative damage by an ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L.
Conclusion: The results obtained from the different experimental systems suggest the radioprotective ability of EE-NS involving prevention of radiation–induced oxidative damage.
effect of gamma radiation on microbiological and oil properties of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
Black cumin samples obtained from the market have been irradiated under 2.5 kGy, 6 kGy, 8 kGy, and 10 kGy doses, respectively. Along with the increase in the dose of irradiation, both the free fatty acid and peroxide values of the samples increased, whereas oil contents, iodine numbers, refraction index and Rancimat values decreased. In the composition of fatty acids, while the percentages of unsaturated fatty acids decreased; trans fatty acid levels increased. Microbial count of the samples decreased as the dose of irradiation increased. It has been observed that total bacterial count as well as total count of yeast and mould reduced to the undetectable limit.
Conclusion: N. sativa extract significantly decreases the severity of ARD and delays the onset of moist desquamation in breast cancer patients.
Ocimum sanctum
Ocimum sanctum (tulasi), an Indian herb, well known for its medicinal properties, has been shown to have significant radioprotective, tumor preventive and antioxidant effects in animal models. The present paper reviews the recent literature on these aspects of this plant.
radioprotective effect of leaf extract of Indian medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum.
Water or aqueous ethanol extract of O. sanctum was given ip, either as a single dose or multiple doses, before a whole-body exposure to 11 Gy(LD100/30) of 60Co gamma radiation in albino mice. The water extract was more effective and less toxic than the aqueous ethanol extract. An optimum ip dose of 50 mg/kg (< 1/100 LD50) of the water extract, at 10 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days, gave the maximum survival. Increasing the dose per treatment or the number of treatments did not increase protection. Intraperitoneal administration gave the best protection (70% survival).
Other routes (im, iv and po) were less effective and produced 37-47% survival. The optimum dose (ip) gave a dose modifying factor of 1.28. Since the extract may contain a number of chemical compounds, it is not possible to attribute the observed protection to any particular compound at present.
antioxidant and radioprotective properties of an Ocimum sanctum polysaccharide
The antioxidant activity of two polysaccharides isolated from the Indian medicinal plants, Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora malabarica, was studied. Only the O. sanctum polysaccharide (OSP) showed significant activity. OSP could prevent oxidative damage to liposomal lipids and plasmid DNA induced by various oxidants such as iron, AAPH and γ-radiation, besides scavenging important ROS such as the superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide and inhibiting xanthine oxidase. In addition, OSP could prevent γ-radiation-mediated cell deaths in mouse splenocytes.
olive leaf
Chronic exposure to solar uv radiation damages skin, increasing its thickness and reducing its elasticity, and causes skin cancer. Our aim in this study was to examine the effects of an olive leaf extract and its component oleuropein on skin damage and the incidence of skin tumors caused by long-term UVB irradiation in hairless mice. Male hairless mice (5 wk old) were divided into 6 groups, including a non-UVB group, a vehicle-treated UVB group (control), 2 olive leaf extract–treated UVB groups, and 2 oleuropein-treated UVB groups. Five groups were UVB irradiated (36–180 mJ/cm2) 3 times each week for 30 wk and skin thickness and elasticity after UVB irradiation were measured every week. Olive leaf extract (300 and 1000 mg/kg) and oleuropein (10 and 25 mg/kg) were administered orally twice daily every day for 30 wk. The extract and oleuropein significantly inhibited increases in skin thickness and reductions in skin elasticity, and skin carcinogenesis and tumor growth.
Furthermore, they prevented increases in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 as well as in levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the skin.
Based on histological evaluation, they prevented increases in the expression of Ki-67 and CD31-positive cells induced by the irradiation. These results suggest that the preventative effects of the olive leaf extract and oleuropein on chronic UVB–induced skin damage and carcinogenesis and tumor growth may be due to inhibition of the expression of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 through a reduction in COX-2 levels.
Conclusion: The present work showed that olive leaf extract or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have lung tissue radiotherapeutic effects against whole body gamma radiation in male albino rats.
Conclusion: These results provide evidence that both olive leaf extract and stem cell therapy have radio-protective effect as they reduced the pathological cellular injuries in the liver induced by accumulated doses of radiation exposure. Further studies may be done to confirm these findings.
Leaf hairs of olive (Olea europaea) prevent stomatal closure by ultraviolet-B radiation
In olive (Olea europaea L.), hair removal had no effect on the photosynthetic rate and the apparent leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion in leaves illuminated with white light (900 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetically active radiation) devoid of ultraviolet-B radiation. In addition, intact and dehaired leaves showed no significant differences in absorptance in the visible spectral region, while leaf temper- ature was independent of hair removal. These results indicate that leaf hairs of O. europaea may play only a marginal role in leaf energy balance and transpiration. When the white light was supplemented with ultraviolet-B radiation (5.89 W m-2), however, there was a considerable decrease in the photo- synthetic rate, and a simultaneous increase in leaf resistance to water vapour in dehaired leaves. Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, evaluated from chlorophyll fluorescence emitted from the illuminated side, was reduced in all cases, but the reduction in dehaired, ultraviolet-B treated leaves was more pronounced and irreversible, indicating that the reduction of the photosynthetic rate may result from both stomatal limitation and electron flow inhibition.
Photosynthetic capacity of dehaired leaves, measured at 5% CO2, however, was not influenced by ultraviolet-B radiation. We suggest, therefore, that ultraviolet-B radiation reduces photosynthetic rates by closing the stomata, while the observed reduction in photosystem II photochemical efficiency may concern only a superficial chloroplast population, contributing negligibly to whole leaf photosynthesis. Under the conditions of our experi- ments, the protective function of the indumentum against ultraviolet-B radiation predominates over the water conservation function.
Ophiopogon japonicus
Ophiopogon japonicus inhibits radiation–induced pulmonary inflammation in mice
Conclusion: As radiation–induced lung injury is a major obstacle in thoracic radiotherapies and seriously affect the quality of patients’ life. Application of O. japonicus may be a novel strategy to manage radiation–induced pulmonary inflammation.
Erratum to ophiopogon japonicus inhibits radiation–induced pulmonary inflammation in mice
In the article (1) “Ophiopogon japonicus inhibits radiation–induced pulmonary inflammation in mice” (Ann Transl Med 2019;7:622. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.01), there is an error in Figure 1, e.g., the HE staining pictures of control group (Figure 1A,1B) was mistakenly placed using the same pictures of combination treatment group.
Conclusion: OP-C significantly ameliorates radiation–induced pulmonary fibrosis and may be a promising therapeutic strategy for this disorder.
Opuntia ficus indica
Aim: We investigated the role of opuntiol, isolated from Opuntia ficus indica, against ultraviolet A waveband-mediated oxidative damages in the mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines (NIH‐3T3).
Materials and Methods: The antioxidant potential of opuntiol was carried out by hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The preventive effect of opuntiol against uv-mediated cytotoxicity was revealed by MTT assay. Further, the oxidative end points during uv–exposure, in the presence and absence of opuntiol, was analyzed by DCFH-DA staining, rhodamine-123 staining and alkaline comet assay.
Results: Opuntiol significantly neutralizes hydroxyl (OH•), superoxide anion (O2•–), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, the NIH-3T3 cells were treated with uvA-waveband in the presence and absence of opuntiol and oxidative damage markers were analyzed. We observed that opuntiol pretreatment (5 μM-20 μM) prevented 10 mJ/cm2uvA radiation–induced cytotoxicity in NIH-3T3 cells. Further, single uvA–radiation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) through intracellular photosensitizers. Conversely, opuntiol pretreatment prevented uvA-mediated ROS generation and subsequent lipid peroxidation and loss of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the NIH-3T3 cells. It has also been observed that the uvA-mediated ROS subsequently induces DNA damage and alters mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP). We noticed that opuntiol prevents uvA–radiation-mediated DNA single-strand breaks. Further, it prevents loss of MMPs and apoptotic morphological changes in the NIH-3T3 cells.
Conclusion: Thus, these findings illustrate that opuntiol prevents uvA–radiation-mediated oxidative stress-related biochemical changes in the cellular system.
The effect of N availability on crop growth, fruit yield and quality of cactus pear is not well known. The objectives of this work were to determine the effects of N deficiency or excess on aerial dry matter accumulation and its main components, cladodes and fruits, as well as on solar radiation use efficiency (RUE). The trial was carried out under irrigation at Santiago del Estero, Argentina, during 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 growing seasons, using ‘Amarilla sin Espinas’ cactus pear. treatments were: Nlow (16 t ha-1 sucrose to immobilize N), Nmedium (100 and 150 kg ha-1) and Nhigh (200 and 300 kg ha-1 N) the higher rates were applied in 1999-2000). N content of soil and plant, number of vegetative and reproductive buds, cladode area, solar radiation interception by the crop (IRFA), dry matter accumulation in cladodes, fruits and total aerial biomass, and the relative contribution of RUE to aerial dry weight were determined. N fertilization increased aerial dry matter (standardized by cladode number), increasing vegetative organs more than reproductive ones during the first year, and the inverse during the second year. High N availability increased IRFA more than RUE during the first year and produced similar increments in both components during the second year. Relative increases of IRFA and RUE were similar for Nlow, Nmedium and Nhigh during the second year, but absolute values were higher for N fertilization treatments.
Irrigation and fertilization management of experimental site increased the rate of soil organic matter mineralized in all N treatments, variable that may partially explain the responses obtained during the second year. These results may help to optimize N fertilization in cactus pear and to improve models that simulate the effects of N on cladodes, fruits and total aerial dry mater accumulation as well as on RUE.
Paeonia lactiflora
uvA induced oxidative stress was inhibited by paeoniflorin/Nrf2 signaling or PLIN2
Photodamages caused by uvA radiation induced oxidative injuries are closely related to photoaging and skin cancer. Paeoniflorin (PF), extracted from the root of Paeonia lactiflora, has been reported to be an effective antioxidant. PLIN2, known as adipose differentiation-related protein, has been previously involved in the regulation of oxidative stress. In this study, we were sought to investigate the photo-protective property of PF and PLIN2 in uvA-radiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). HDFs were pre-treated with PF (800 μM) followed by uvA radiation (22.5 J/cm2). MTS activity, cell apoptosis, ROS, MDA, and SOD were detected, respectively. The expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, NQ-O1, and PLIN2 were determined using RT-qPCR or western blot. Nrf2 was silenced by siRNA, and PLIN2 was overexpressed via lentiviral transduction. Comparing to the uvA radiation, PF pre-treatment could prominently increase the MTS activity, decrease cell apoptosis, reduce the generations of ROS and MDA, increase the activity of SOD and increase the expression of Nrf2 and its target genes HO-1 and NQ-O1. When Nrf2 was knocked down, PF lost above protective properties. In addition, uvA induced oxidative stress led to upregulation of PLIN2 and the latter could be decreased by PF.
Over expression of PLIN2 improved MTS activity and reduced MDA level in HDFs. The combination of PLIN2 overexpression and PF pre-treatment corporately inhibited uvA-induced injury. Besides, we also found that PF and PLIN2 had a compensatory protection against uvA induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that uvA induced photo damages could be inhibited by PF via Nrf2/HO-1/NQ-O1 signaling pathway or by PLIN2, and the combination of PLIN2 overexpression and PF played additive effects against uvA-related oxidative stress.
Panax ginseng
Panax ginseng is an indigenous medicinal herb and has traditionally been used among Asian population for relief of many human ailments. We investigated the prophylactic role of Korean P. ginseng extract (KG) against X-ray irradiation–induced emesis in an acute rat pica model. Rats were treated with KG (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg orally at − 48, − 24 and 0 h) prior to X-ray irradiation (6 Gy), and intake of kaolin and normal food and body weight changes examined as an index of the acute emetic stimulus. levels of serotonin in small intestine tissue were assessed and histopathology of gastric tissue, small intestine and colon examined specific staining. Pre-treatment with KG (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) reduced X-ray irradiation–induced kaolin intake at 24 h.
Normal food intake was improved in rats treated with 25 mg/kg KG. The anti-emetic effect of KG was further confirmed on the basis of serotonin release, histopathological findings. Our findings collectively indicate that KG protects against X-ray irradiation–induced acute pica to a moderate extent, leading to improved feeding behavior in rats.
The frequencies of -ray-induced micronuclei (MN) in cytokinesis-blocked (CB) lymphocytes at several doses were measured in three donors of human and C57BL/6 mice. Measurements performed after irradiation showed a dose-related increases in MN frequency in each of the donors studied. The relative sensitivity of mouse in spleen lymphocytes (SLs) compared with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was estimated by best fitting linear-quadratic model based on the radiation–induced MN data over the range from 0 cGy to 400 cGy. In the case of MN frequency with 0.2 per CB cell, the relative sensitivity of mouse SLs was 1.67. Compared with the radiation–induced MN formation in the PBLs of human, the SLs of mouse were more radiosensitive.
Using this MN assay with human PBLs and mouse SLs, studies were performed to determine whether the water fraction of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) against radiation–induced MN in human PBLs after in vitro irradiation (3Gy) and in SLs of C57BL/6 mice after in vivo irradiation (3Gy). The frequency of MN in human PBLs was reduced by water fraction of ginseng (0.5mg/ml of medium) both pre-and post treatment (p<0.0l) in vitro. In addition, the frequency of MN in mouse SLs was also reduced by pretreatment of ginseng (2mg/ml of drinking water for 7days) in vivo. The data suggested that the ginseng may reduce cell damage caused by -rays in vitro and in vivo. Further studies are needed to characterize better the protective nature of ginseng extract, its fractions and compounds.
In Vivo radioprotective effect of Panax ginseng CA Meyer and identification of active ginsenosides
This study evaluated the effect of water extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG), panaxadiol (PD), panaxatriol (PT), ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1 on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells in gamma–irradiated mice. Jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with PG, Rc and Rd. Administration of PG, PD, Rd and Re prior to irradiation resulted in an increase in the formation of endogenous spleen colonies. The frequency of radiation–induced apoptosis in intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by pretreatment with PG, PD, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1.
In experiments on the effects of the individual ginsenosides, the rank order of activity was Rc > Rd > Rg1 > Rb2 > Re > Rb1 on intestinal crypt survival assay, Re > Rb2 > Rd > Rg1 > Rb1 > Rc on the spleen colony formation assay, and Rg1 > Re > Rd > Rc > Rb2 > Rb1 on inhibiting the death of cells caused by apoptosis. The results indicated that Rc, Rd and Re may have a major radioprotective effect in mice irradiated with high and low doses of radiation. When the same experiments were performed using PD and PT, it was observed that most of the inhibitory effects came from PD rather than PT.
radioprotective potential of ginseng
A majority of potential radioprotective synthetic compounds have demonstrated limited clinical application owing to their inherent toxicity, and thus, the seeking of naturally occurring herbal products, such as ginseng, for their radioprotective capability has become an attractive alternative. In general, ginseng refers to the roots of the species of the genus Panax. As a medicinal herb, ginseng has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for its wide spectrum of medicinal effects, such as tonic, immunomodulatory, antimutagenic, adaptogenic and antiaging activities. Many of its medicinal effects are attributed to the triterpene glycosides known as ginsenosides (saponins). This review addresses the issue of the radioprotective effects of ginseng on mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo. results indicate that the water-soluble extract of whole ginseng appears to give a better protection against radiation–induced DNA damage than does the isolated ginsenoside fractions. Since free radicals play an important role in radiation–induced damage, the underlying radioprotective mechanism of ginseng could be linked, either directly or indirectly, to its antioxidative capability by the scavenging free radicals responsible for DNA damage.
In addition, ginseng’s radioprotective potential may also be related to its immunomodulating capabilities. Ginseng is a natural product with worldwide distribution, and in addition to its antitumor properties, ginseng appears to be a promising radioprotector for therapeutic or preventive protocols capable of attenuating the deleterious effects of radiation on human normal tissue, especially for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
Panax notoginseng
The aim of the present study was to investigate any sensitization effect of the Panax notoginseng extract (PNE) and the purified Saponin (Rb1) on the radiation response of an experimental tumor (KHT sarcoma) in mice, in comparison with any effects on a normal tissue (bone marrow). PNE at a concentration of 0.1–100 mg/kg produced an increase in tumor radiosensitivity. The senitization effect was maximal at 10 mg/kg and at 30 minutes after injection. Higher dose were toxic to the bone marrow stem cells.
Similarly Rb1 at a concentration 0.001 to 1 mg/kg. Higher doses were not toxic to the bone marrow stem cells in this case. Radiosensitization factors were calculated as ratios of D0 (the radiosensitivity parameter), and these were highly significant for the tumor and very similar for both compounds at the doses used, namely 1.18–1.19. There was no significant effect for bone marrow stem cells (sensitization factors of 0.99 ± 0.01 for both compounds). The differential effect on tumor, and the magnitude of the radiosensitization, suggest that further purified or synthetic versions of this extract may be useful not only in vascular-related diseases but also in cancer therapy.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that LPNS has significant antiosteoporotic activity, which may warrant further investigations concerning its therapeutic effects in treating radiation–induced osteoporosis.
Ginsenosides are one of major types of bioactive compounds in American ginseng (AG) and utilized to assess the quality of various AG samples. The contents of ginsenosides showed cultivation region-related variation, which is possibly associated with AG’s pharmacological effect difference. Therefore, to reveal the quality difference of AGs in different cultivation regions, AG samples from seven cultivation regions were evaluated via analyzing their contents of nine ginsenosides and the biochemical parameters in AG-treated irradiated mice. Pre-administration of AG decoctions could reversely modulate the irradiation–induced changes of antioxidant enzymatic activity, cytokine level and hormone level in irradiated mice, which demonstrated that AG had the radioprotective effects due to its antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this radioprotection effect varied among different cultivation regions of AGs.
Collectively, Beijing and Canada-cultivated AGs had the best radioprotection. Heilongjiang and Jilin-originated AGs had the similar pharmacological effects while USA, Shandong and Shaanxi-grown AGs had closer pharmacological effects. This biochemical measurements-based PCA and heatmap clustering of AGs from seven cultivation regions was nearly consistent with ginsencoside content- and the previous serum metabolome-based analyses. However, the pearson correlation analysis revealed that only Rb3 and Rd were significantly correlated with some of assayed biochemical parameters in irradiated mice pretreated with different cultivation regions of AG extracts.
radioprotective Properties of Panax ginseng: Proposition of a study Protocol
radiation protection has been a concern in healthcare for a while. radiation Therapy (RT) is a common approach in cancer patients, it is estimated that 80% of these patients will need RT at some point. Likewise, radiation protection is an issue that is related to healthcare professionals as well, since radiation–based diagnosis and therapy may involve manipulation of unsealed radioactive sources, resulting on a high exposure rate for these professionals. Awareness on occupational exposure is increasing with the augmentation of radiation related professions and scenarios.
Panaxotriol
Phytochemicals: potential therapeutic Modulators of radiation induced Signaling Pathways
Ionizing radiation results in extensive damage to biological systems. The massive amount of ionizing radiation from nuclear accidents, radiation therapy (RT), space exploration, and the nuclear battlefield leads to damage to biological systems. radiation injuries, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy, are characterized by genomic instability, apoptosis, necrosis, and oncogenic transformation, mediated by the activation or inhibition of specific signaling pathways. exposure of tumors or normal cells to different doses of ionizing radiation could lead to the generation of free radical species, which can release signal mediators and lead to harmful effects. Although previous FDA-approved agents effectively mitigate radiation-associated toxicities, their use is limited due to their high cellular toxicities. Preclinical and clinical findings reveal that phytochemicals derived from plants that exhibit potent antioxidant activities efficiently target several signaling pathways.
This review examined the prospective roles played by some phytochemicals in altering signal pathways associated with radiation response.
Persea americana
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and antigenotoxic effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Persea americana (P. americana) in albino Wistar rats against whole body X-ray irradiation. Rats were orally administered with (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) of P. americana leaf extract for five days. On the fifth day after last administration, animals were exposed to whole body X-rays of 8 Gy. Based on Kaplan Meier’s survival analysis, 100 mg/kg body weight was selected as an optimum dose for radioprotection. The radioprotective potential was analysed by bone marrow micronucleus test and comet assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biochemical estimations were performed in liver tissue homogenates. DNA damage indicators analysed through comet assay displayed significant reduction in olive tail movement (P < 0.01), percentage DNA in tail (P < 0.05) and tail length (P < 0.001) in pretreated group when compared to radiation group. P. americana leaf extract restored the levels of reduced glutathione, catalase, and reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in liver homogenates of pre-treated group. decrease in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (P < 0.05) was witnessed in P. americana pretreated group when compared to radiation control.
Pretreatment also resulted in the increase of animal survival with dose reduction factor of 1.28. Our findings for the first time demonstrated that P. americana offers significant protection to rats from whole body exposure to X-rays and helps in antagonising the radiation effects, thereby combating acute radiation induced damage in living systems.
Persea americana, popularly known as avocado, has been empirically used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory including in the skin disorder treatment. species of the genus Persea also show a photoprotective effect against UVB radiation. We investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects from a topical formulation containing the P. americana leaf extract in a UVB irradiation–induced burn model in mice and performed a gel-formulation stability study. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated through mechanical allodynia, paw oedema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Phenolic compounds were quantified by UHPLC–MS/MS. The gel-formulation stability study was performed analyzing organoleptic characteristics, pH, and viscosity. P. americana (3%) gel was able to prevent the UVB irradiation–induced mechanical allodynia on the 2nd and 3rd day after irradiation with maximum inhibition of 60 ± 12% at 2nd day. Such effect may be attributed, at least in part, due the presence of (+)-catechin (302.2 ± 4.9 μg/g) followed by chlorogenic acid (130 ± 5.1 μg/g) and rutin (102.4 ± 0.9 μg/g) found in the extract. The gel was not able to prevent the inflammatory parameters such as edema and leukocyte infiltration induced by UVB irradiation. No changes important were detected in the stability study, mainly in low temperature.
Our results suggest that P. americana gel-formulation, which presented stability, ensuring its quality and the therapeutic effect, could be an interesting strategy for the treatment of the pain associated with sunburn; this effect could be attributed to its biological constituents, especially catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin.
Conclusions: Persea americana provides protection against ovariectomy, and gamma radiation-mediated hepatic inflammation not only through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering effect but also by modulating the fibrogenic markers.
Phycocyanin
Conclusion: Phycocyanin could regulate the radiation–induced disorder in lung and gut microbiota of mice, and reduce the radiation–induced lung inflammation and fibrosis.
Different chemical and nanomaterial agents have been introduced for radiosensitizing purposes. However, many researchers believe these agents are far away from clinical application due to side effects and limited knowledge about their behavior in the human body. In this study, C-phycocyanin (C-PC) was used as a natural radiosensitizer for enhancement of radiation therapy (RT) efficacy. C-PC treatment’s effect on the COX-2 expression of cancer cells was investigated by flow cytometry, western blot, qRT-PCR analyses in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the radiosensitizing effect of C-PC treatment was investigated by MTT and clonogenic cell survival assays for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29 colon cancer cell lines and the CRL-1831 as normal colonic cells.
In addition, the C-PC treatment effect on the radiation therapy efficacy was evaluated according to CT-26 tumor’s growth progression and immunohistochemistry analyses of Ki-67 labeling index. C-PC treatment (200 µg/mL) could significantly enhance the radiation therapy efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Synergistic interaction was detected at C-PC and radiation beams co-treatment based on Chou and Talalay formula (combination index <1), especially at 200 µg/mL C-PC and 6 Gy radiation dosages. The acquired DEF of C-PC treatment was 1.39, 1.4, 1.63, and 1.05 for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29, and CRL-1831 cells, respectively. Also, C-PC + RT treated mice exhibited 35.2% lower mean tumors’ volume and about 6 days more survival time in comparison with the RT group (P < 0.05). In addition, C-PC + RT group exhibited 54% lower Ki-67 index in comparison with the RT group. Therefore, C-PC can exhibit high radiosensitizing effects. However, the potential cardiovascular risks of C-PC as a COX-2 inhibitor should be evaluated with extensive preclinical testing before developing this agent for clinical trials.
An in vitro analysis of the effects of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiations was executed to assess the photostability of biologically relevant pigments phycocyanin (PC), phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC) isolated from Lyngbya sp. A09DM. ultraviolet (uv) irradiances significantly affected the integrity of PC, PE and APC; however, PAR showed least effect. uv radiation affected the bilin chromophores covalently attached to phycobiliproteins (PBPs). Almost complete elimination of the chromophore bands associated with α– and β-subunit of PE and APC occurred after 4 h of uv-B exposure. After 5 h of uv-B exposure, the content of PC, PE and APC decreased by 51.65%, 96.8% and 96.53%, respectively. Contrary to PAR and uv-A radiation, a severe decrease in fluorescence of all PBPs was observed under uv-B irradiation.
The fluorescence activity of extracted PBP was gradually inhibited immediately after 15–30 min of uv-B exposure. In comparison to the PC, the fluorescence properties of PE and APC were severely lost under uv-B radiation. Moreover, the present study indicates that uv-B radiation can damage the structural and functional integrity of phycobiliproteins leading to the loss of their ecological and biological functions.
Wistar rats have been exposed to X-rays with a dose of 5 Gy. significant decrease in dehydrogenase activity, energy-rich phosphate level and efficiency of antioxidant defence and significant increase in pyruvate amount were observed within 4 weeks. It was also found that the feeding of exposed rats with phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis lead to correcting effect. The same result was observed after injections of tocopherol or complex of six water-soluble vitamins. The combination of above mentioned compounds had more marked effect, especially at the presence unitiole and Na2Se.
Phyllanthus amarus
protective effect of an extract of Phyllanthus amarus against radiation–induced damage in Mice
The radioprotective effect of an extract of the plant Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) was investigated in adult BALB/c mice. P. amarus extract (750 mg/kg b.wt and 250 mg/kg b.wt) was administered orally to mice for five days prior to whole body radiation (6 Gy) and for one month after radiation. The animals were sacrificed on days 3, 9, 12, and 30 after radiation. P. amarus significantly increased the total W.B.C count, bone marrow cellularity, and α-esterase activity as compared to untreated radiation-exposed animals. P. amarus treatment also increased the activity of various antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), both in blood and tissue, which were reduced by radiation treatment.
There was also a significant increase in the glutathione (GSH) levels of blood and tissue. lipid peroxidation levels, which were increased after radiation, were significantly reduced by P. amarus treatment, both in serum and liver. The results collectively indicate that P. amarus extract could increase the antioxidant defense mechanism in mice and there by protect the animals from radiation–induced cellular damage.
We reported earlier on our preliminary study of the radioprotective effect of Phyllanthus amarus (P.amarus) in mice. P.amarus was found to inhibit the myelosuppression and elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the blood and liver. In the present study we have evaluated the protective effect of P.amarus against radiation–induced changes in the intestine and mouse chromosomal damage. P.amarus at concentrations of 250 ‘ 750 mg/Kg. b. wt were found to elevate the antioxidant enzymes in the intestine and decrease the lipid peroxidation levels. Histopathological evaluations of the intestine revealed decreased damage to intestinal cells, demonstrating that P.amarus protected the intestine.
The genotoxic effects of radiation on mouse chromosomes were evaluated by assaying the micronuclei formation and chromosomal aberrations. P.amarus was found to protect the clastogenic effects of radiation as seen from decreased number of micronuclei. The administration of P.amarus was also found to decrease the percentage of chromosomal aberrations. Based on our present and previous reports it could be concluded that P.amarus extract has significant radioprotective activity.
The protective effect of Phyllanthus amarus L in the irradiated roots of onion was evaluated. The results were indicated that the Phyllanthus extract showed a radio modifier effect by reducing the frequency of aberrant cells in the meristematic cells exposed to gamma rays.
Pilea microphylla
The ethanolic extract of Pilea microphylla (L.) was defatted, successively fractionated with acetone and the residue so obtained was found to be most potent when subjected to detailed free radical scavenging and in vivo radioprotection studies. The most active fraction reacts with free radicals, such as DPPH (50 μM), ABTSradical dot− (100 μM) and radical dotOH (generated by Fenton reaction) with IC50 value of 23.15 μg/ml, 3.0 μg/ml and 310 μg/ml, respectively. The most active fraction inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in phosphatidyl choline liposomes with an IC50 of 13.74 μg/ml. The kinetics of scavenging of DPPH and ABTSradical dot− radicals were followed at different concentrations of the fraction by employing stopped-flow studies. The observed first order decay rate constants at 200 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml of fraction with DPPH (50 μM) and ABTSradical dot− (50 μM) were found to be 0.4 s−1 and 2.1 s−1, respectively.
The fraction when screened for in vivo radioprotection in Swiss albino mice showed 80% protection at a dose of 900 mg/kg and with a DRF of about 1.12. The fraction was also found to protect livers of irradiated mice from depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione, GST, SOD, catalase and thiols. The fraction also protected the villi height, increased the number of crypt cells while offering general protection to the intestine from acute radiation effects. The fraction also protected the hematopoietic system as assessed by endogenous spleen colony assay, contributing to the overall radioprotective ability.
Phenolic compounds isolated from Pilea microphylla prevent radiation–induced cellular DNA damage
Six phenolic compounds namely, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (1), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (3), apigenin-7-O-rutinoside (4), apigenin-7-O–β–d-glucopyranoside (5) and quercetin (6) were isolated from the whole plant of Pilea microphylla using conventional open-silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Further, these compounds were characterized by 1D, 2D NMR techniques and high-resolution LC–MS. Compounds 1–3 and 6 exhibited significant antioxidant potential in scavenging free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS and SOD with IC50 of 3.3–20.4 μmol/L. The same compounds also prevented lipid peroxidation with IC50 of 10.4–32.2 μmol/L.
The compounds also significantly prevented the Fenton reagent-induced calf thymus DNA damage. Pre-treatment with compounds 1–3 and 6 in V79 cells attenuated radiation–induced formation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cytotoxicity and DNA damage, correlating the antioxidant activity of polyphenols with their radioprotective effects. Compounds 1, 3 and 6 significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation, presumably due to 3′,4′-catechol ortho-dihydroxy moiety in the B-ring, which has a strong affinity for phospholipid membranes. Oxidation of flavonoids, with catechol structure on B-ring, yields a fairly stable ortho-semiquinone radical by facilitating electron delocalization, which is involved in antioxidant mechanism. Hence, the flavonoid structure, number and location of hydroxyl groups together determine the antioxidant and radioprotection mechanism.
Present study was designed to compare cytoprotective and antigenotoxic activity of the polyphenolic fraction of Pilea microphylla (PM1) with that of its active polyphenolic constituents against γ-radiation in V79 cells. PM1 was standardized with respect to the polyphenols present by RP-HPLC. It was evaluated for its free radical scavenging potential using Fenton reaction-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Further, PM1 was subjected against γ-radiation–induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in V79 cells.
PM1 significantly reduced free radical-mediated calf thymus DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Among the concentrations tested (12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml) for radioprotection, PM1 at 25 μg/ml exhibited maximum protection. Further, when compared with constituent polyphenols viz., rutin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid (concentrations equivalent to that present in PM1-25 μg/ml), a combination of polyphenols was found most effective in preventing γ-radiation–induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. To conclude, radioprotection is possibly a synergistic effect of the phytochemicals present in the herbal extract, rather than any single component.
Piper betel Leaf
radioprotective Property of the Ethanolic extract of Piper betel Leaf
The radioprotective activity of Piper betel ethanolic extract (PE) has been studied using rat liver mitochondria and pBR 322 plasmid DNA as two model in vitro systems. The extract effectively prevented γ-ray induced lipid peroxidation as assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates, lipid hydroperoxide and conjugated diene. Likewise, it prevented radiation–induced DNA strand breaks in a concentration dependent manner.
The radioprotective activity of PE could be attributed to its hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging property along with its lymphoproliferative activity. The radical scavenging capacity of PE was primarily due to its constituent phenolics, which were isolated and identified as chevibetol and allyl pyrocatechol.
antioxidant activity of Piper betel Leaf extract and Its Constituents
The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay of the ethanol extracts of three varieties (Bangla, sweet, and Mysore) of Piper betel (pan) revealed the Bangla variety to possess the best antioxidant activity that can be correlated with the total phenolic content and reducing powers of the respective extracts. Column chromatography of the extract of the Bangla variety led to the isolation of chevibetol (CHV), allylpyrocatechol (APC), and their respective glucosides. The HPTLC analyses of the extracts revealed similar chemical profiles in all three P. betel varieties, although the concentrations of CHV and APC were significantly less in the sweet and Mysore varieties. Among the isolated compounds, APC showed the best results in all the in vitro experiments. It could prevent Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) of liposomes and rat brain homogenates as well as γ-ray-induced damage of pBR322 plasmid DNA more efficiently than CHV.
The superior anti-LPO and radioprotective activities of APC vis-à-vis those of CHV could not be explained by their respective Fe(II) chelation and •OH radical scavenging capacities. The better ability of APC to scavenge O2–• radicals and H2O2 might account for the results.
The study was planned to evaluate modulatory effect of aqueous extract of Piper betle leaf (PBL) on ionizing radiation mediated oxidative stress leading to normal tissues damage during radiotherapy and other radiation exposures. The total polyphenols and flavonoids known as free radical scavenger (chelators) were measured in the extract. To ascertain antioxidant potential of PBL extract, we studied free radical scavenging, metal chelation, reducing power, lipid peroxidation inhibition and ferric reducing antioxidant properties (FRAP ) using in vitro assays. Mice were exposed to varied radiation doses administered with the same extract prior to irradiation to confirm its oxidative stress minimizing efficacy by evaluating ferric reducing ability of plasma, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and micro-nuclei frequency.
PBL extract was effective in scavenging DPPH (up to 92% at 100 µg/ml) and superoxide radicals (up to 95% at 80 µg/ml), chelated metal ions (up to 83% at 50 µg/ml) and inhibited lipid peroxidation (up to 45.65% at 500 µg/ml) in a dose dependant manner using in vitro model. Oral administration of PBL extract (225 mg/kg body weight) 1 hr before irradiation in mice significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) radiation abated antioxidant potential of plasma and GSH level in all the observed organs. The treatment with extract effectively lowered the radiation induced lipid peroxidation at 24 hrs in all the selected organs with maximum inhibition in thymus (p < 0.01). After 48 hrs, lipid peroxidation was maximally inhibited in the group treated with the extract. Frequency of radiation induced micronucleated cells declined significantly (34.78%, p < 0.01) at 24 hrs post-irradiation interval by PBL extract administration.
The results suggest that PBL extract has high antioxidant potential and relatively non-toxic and thus could be assertively used to mitigate radiotherapy inflicted normal tissues damage and also injuries caused by moderate doses of radiation during unplanned exposures.
podophyllotoxin
Pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis are predominant consequences of radiation exposure, whether planned or accidental. The present study, demonstrates radioprotective potential of a formulation, prepared by combining podophyllotoxin and rutin (G-003M), in mice exposed to 11 Gy thoracic gamma radiation (TGR). treated mice were observed for survival and other symptomatic features. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitric oxide (NO) was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. DNA damage and cell death were assessed in alveolar cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)/serum of mice to assess lung vascular permeability. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), cluster of differentiation 45, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitrotyrosine were also estimated in lungs/BALF of differentially treated mice. Our observations revealed 100% survival in G-003M-pretreated mice against 66.50% in 11 Gy TGR exposed.
Other symptoms like reduction in graying of hair, weight loss, and breathing rate were also observed in pretreated groups. significant decline in ROS/NO and cell death in formulation pretreated mice were also observed. decreased level of TP, LDH, and ALP in BALF/serum samples revealed G-003M-induced inhibition in lung permeability. Level of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 in the lungs of these mice was found corresponding to control group at 8 weeks post treatment.
On the contrary, these cytokines raised significantly in 11 Gy TGR-exposed mice. Lung pneumonitis and fibrosis were found significantly countered in these mice. The observations revealed that G-003M could regulate immune system by curtailing radiation–induced oxidative and inflammatory stress, which has helped in minimizing radiation-inflicted pneumonitis and fibrosis.
The present study is aimed to investigate the radioprotective efficacy of G-003M (combination of podophyllotoxin and rutin) against gamma radiation–induced oxidative stress and subsequent cell death in mice bone marrow and spleen. Prophylactic administration of G-003M (−1 h) rendered more than 85% survival in mice exposed to 9 Gy (lethal dose) with dose reduction factor of 1.26. G-003M pretreated mice demonstrated significantly reduced level of reactive oxygen species, membrane lipid peroxidation, and retained glutathione level.
In the same group, we obtained increased expression of master redox regulator, nuclear factor erythroid-derived like-2 factor (Nrf-2), and its downstream targets (heme oxygenase-1, Nqo-1, glutathione S-transferase, and thioredoxin reductase-1). In addition, G-003M preadministration has also shown a significant reduction in Keap-1 level (Nrf-2 inhibitor). radiation–induced lethality was significantly amended in combination-treated (G-003M) mice as demonstrated by reduced 8-OHdG, annexin V FITC+ cells, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential. expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was restored in G-003M pretreated group. However, proapoptotic proteins (Puma, Bax, Bak, Caspase-3, and Caspase-7) were significantly declined in this group.
Further analysis of immune cells revealed G-003M-mediated restoration of CD3 and CD19 receptor, which was found decreased to significant level following irradiation. Similarly, Gr-1, a marker of granulocytes, was also retained by G-003M administration prior to radiation. Modulatory potential of this formulation (G-003M) can be exploited as a safe and effective countermeasure against radiation–induced lymphohemopoietic injury.
It has been well established that radiation–induced gastrointestinal injury is manifested through loss of intestinal crypt stem cells and disruption of the mucosal layers, resulting in diarrhoea, weight loss, electrolyte imbalance, infection and mortality. Podophyllotoxin and rutin in combination (G-003M) has been reported to regulate endogenous cellular antioxidant defense systems and inflammatory response. However, the mechanism by which G-003M ameliorates radiation–induced intestinal stem cell (ISC) injury remains unclear. Here, we hypothesize the radioprotective potential of G-003M would amplify the intestinal crypt stem cells through upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and accelerate the reconstitution of the irradiated intestine. Our results showed significant functional and structural intestine regeneration in irradiated animals following G-003M treatment which resulted in improved animal survival.
Immunohistochemical examination revealed an enhancement in Lgr5+ ve crypt stem cells. increased β-catenin nuclear translocation resulted in upregulation of β-catenin target genes that supported ISC renewal and expansion in G-003M-treated mice, as compared to IR-treated mice. However, G-003M could not rescue the Wnt knockdown cohorts (XAV939 treated) which exhibited greater incidence of intestinal apoptosis, DNA damage and crypt depopulation upon radiation exposure. These findings suggest the involvement of Wnt pathway during G-003M mediated amelioration of IR-induced ISC injury. G-003M also minimised acute inflammation by restricting the infiltration of immune cells into the intestinal venules.
Furthermore, G-003M treated animals showed improved anti-tumor response compared to FDA approved Amifostine. Taken together, our findings suggest that G-003M may be used as a potential countermeasure for radiation injuries as well as an adjuvant during anti-cancer therapy.
Development of an effective radio protector to minimise radiation-inflicted damages have largely failed owing to inherent toxicity of most of the agents examined so far. This study is centred towards delivering protection to lethally irradiated mice by pre-administration of a safe formulation G-003M (combination of podophyllotoxin and rutin) majorly through regulation of inflammatory and cell death pathways in mice. Single intramuscular dose of G-003M injected 60 min prior to 9 Gy exposure rescued 89% of whole body lethally irradiated C57BL/6J mice. Studies have revealed reduction in radiation induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) generation, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels and intestinal apoptosis in G-003M pre-treated mice intestine. Restricted nuclear translocation of redox-sensitive nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent downregulation of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; EC 1.14.13.39) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect that G-003M exerts. Support to early hematopoietic recovery was exhibited through G-003M mediated induction of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin (IL-6) levels in lethally irradiated mice. Considerable attenuation in radiation induced morphological damage to the intestinal villi, crypts and mucosal layers was observed in G-003M pre-treated mice. Additionally, our formulation did not reduce the sensitivity of tumor tissue to radiation.
Altogether, these results suggest that G-003M ameliorates the deleterious effects of radiation exposure by minimising ROS and NO generation and effectively regulating inflammatory and cell death pathways. Mechanism of protection elucidated in the current study demonstrates that G-003M can be used as a safe and effective radio protective agent in radiotherapy for human application.
Podophyllum hexandrum
Antitumour and radioprotective action of Podophyllum hexandrum.
A significant antitumour effect of P. hexandrum, a herb thriving at Himalayas (2500-4000 m), was observed in strain ‘A’ mice carrying solid tumours developed by transplanting Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT). Subtoxic well tolerated sequential doses of aqueous extract of P. hexandrum (a daily dose of 34.5 mg/kg b.w. for 15 days) enhanced tumour doubling time (TDT) from 1.94 +/- 0.26 days to 19.1 +/- 2.5 days.
However, no synergism was revealed between radiation and P. hexandrum, though both independently manifested antitumour effects. In normal mice, pre-irradiation administration of extract of P. hexandrum protected mice in a dose dependent manner (optimal dose being 34.5 mg/kg body.wt. rendering 72% survival for 30 days) against whole body lethal irradiation of 10 Gy. radioprotective properties of P. hexandrum were found to be comparable to synthetic radioprotectors like diltiazem etc.
radioprotective activities of Podophyllum hexandrum: current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms
radiation mediated free radical flux interferes with oxidation/reduction-based physiological mechanisms. These free radicals react with a number of biomolecules including Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lipids and proteins. The
rate and selectivity of these free radical mediated reactions depend upon the concentration, half-life and state of delocalization of electrons in the free radicals and the free radicals’ oxidizing ability. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Himalayan Mayapple) was known as Aindri (“a divine drug”) in ancient times.
It has been reported to be used through the ages and in modern times as a cure for allergic and inflammatory conditions of the skin; biliary fever; burning sensation; cold; constipation; cancer of the brain, bladder and lung; erysipelas; Hodgkin’s disease; insect bites; mental disorders; monocytoid leukemia non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; rheumatism; septic wounds; plague; and venereal warts. It has served as a commercial source of podophyllotoxin and related aryltetralin lignans and several other bioactive constituents.
Podophyllotoxin finds use as a precursor for the semi- synthetic topisomerase inhibitors in the treatment of leukemias, lung and testicular cancers, dermatological disorders like warts, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and malaria. It also has numerous applications in modern medicine by virtue of its free radical scavenging capacity. An extract of P. hexandrum has been shown to provide approximately 80% whole-body radioprotection in mice.
radioprotective and antioxidant Properties of Low-Altitude Podophyllum hexandrum (LAPH)
The development of nontoxic yet effective radioprotectors is needed because of the increasing risk of human exposure to ionizing radiation. We have reported that high-altitude Podophyllum hexandrum (HAPH) confers a radioprotective effect in in vitro and in vivo models. The present study reports on the antioxidant and radioprotective properties of low-altitude Podophyllum hexandrum (LAPH), from which the toxic compound podophyllotoxin has been partially removed during the extraction process. Using HPLC,we estimated the relative content of two marker compounds, podophyllotoxin and podophyllotoxin glycoside, in low-altitude Podophyllum extract (LAPE) and found them to be 23.3% and 9.50%, respectively. The ferrous ion chelation potential of LAPE was estimated using the 2,2 bipyridyl assay, and the activity was found to be increased concomitantly with the increase in its concentration, with a maximal inhibition at 25 μg/mL (42.20%) as compared to quercetin (34.9%). The electron donation potential of LAPE was also evaluated, because the antioxidant activities of natural products are known to bear a direct correlation with their ability to donate electrons.
The concentration required to attain unit absorbance values at 700 nm were 0.230541±0.09 and 0.041±0.06 for butylated hydroxyl toluene and LAPE, respectively, indicating a higher antioxidant activity of LAPE. The free radical scavenging ability of LAPE was also assessed and exhibited a dose-dependant increase (1−100 μg/mL), comparable to that of quercetin at 25 μg/mL. The role of LAPE in protecting DNA was evaluated, and it was found that LAPE (30 μg/mL) rendered its maximum radioprotection against the 250 Gy-induced damage in the plasmid (pBR322) relaxation assay. LAPE significantly inhibited radiation–induced, iron/ascorbate- and combined stress (iron/ascorbate and radiation)-induced formation of TBARS (p<0.05).
We conclude that LAPH, with its easy accessibility, ease of cultivation, multifarious radioprotective properties, and role as a renewable source of bioactive constituents, along with its low associated toxicity (due to partial removal of podophyllotoxin), enhances its possible use for human clinical applications.
radioprotective mechanism of Podophyllum hexandrum during spermatogenesis
RP-1, a herbal preparation of Podophyllum hexandrum has already been reported to provide protection against whole body lethal gamma irradiation (10 Gy). It has also been reported to render radioprotection to germ cells during spermatogenesis. Present study was undertaken to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanism of action of RP-1 on testicular system in strain ‘A’ mice. Various antioxidant parameters such as thiol content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total protein levels were investigated. Thiol content was seen to increase significantly (p < 0.05) in both RP-1 alone and RP-1 pretreated irradiated groups over the irradiated groups at 8, 16 and 24 h. irradiation (10 Gy) significantly decreased GPx, GST and GR activity in comparison to untreated control but RP-1 treatment before irradiation significantly (p < 0.05) countered radiation–induced decrease in the activity of these enzymes. radiation–induced LPO was also found to be reduced at all time intervals by RP-1 treatment before irradiation.
As compared to irradiated group the protein content in testicular tissue was increased in RP-1 pretreated irradiated group at 4 and 16 h significantly (p < 0.05). Comets revealed by single-cell gel electrophoresis were significantly longer (p < 0.001) in irradiated mice than in unirradiated control. RP-1 treatment before irradiation, however, rendered significant increase (p < 0.05) in comet length over the corresponding control and irradiated group initially at 4 h but at later time points, this was reduced significantly (p < 0.01) as compared to the irradiated group. RP-1 treatment alone rendered shorter comets at 8, 16 and 24 h than irradiated groups (p < 0.001).
This study implies that RP-1 offers radioprotection at biochemical and cytogenetic level by protecting antioxidant enzymes, reducing LPO and increasing thiol content. (Mol cell Biochem 267: 167–176, 2004)
Cytotoxic and radioprotective effects of Podophyllum hexandrum
Podophyllum hexandrum, a herb thriving in Himalayas has already been reported to exhibit antitumor and radioprotective properties. Present study was undertaken to unravel the possible mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic and radioprotective properties of REC-2001, a fraction isolated from the rhizome of P. hexandrum using murine peritoneal macrophages and plasmid DNA as model systems. cell death, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were studied employing trypan blue exclusion assay, dichlorofluorescein diacetate and DNA fragmentation assay, respectively. Superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and DNA damage were estimated following nitroblue tetrazolium, 2-deoxyribose degradation and plasmid DNA relaxation assays, respectively.
Pre-irradiation administration of REC-2001 to peritoneal macrophages in the concentration range of 25–200 μg/ml significantly reduced radiation induced ROS generation, DNA damage, apoptosis and cell killing in comparison to radiation control group indicating radioprotective potential. Studies with plasmid DNA indicated the ability of REC-2001 to inhibit 20 Gy induced single and double strand breaks further supporting the antioxidative potential. However, REC-2001 in a dose-dependent fashion induced cell death, ROS and DNA fragmentation indicating the cytotoxic nature. REC-2001, in presence of 100 μM copper sulfate, generated significant amount of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions indicating ability to act as a pro-oxidant in presence of metal ions. The superoxide anion generation was found to be sensitive to metal chelators like EDTA and deferoxamine mesylate (DFR).
These results suggest that the ability of REC-2001 to act as a pro-oxidant in presence of metal ions and antioxidant in presence of free radicals might be responsible for cytotoxic and radioprotective properties.
The aqueous-ethanolic extract (AEE) of high altitudePodophyllum hexandrumhas earlierbeen reported to render a radioprotective effect against lethal gamma radiation inin vitromodel. AEE has also been reported to possess metal chelating and DNA protecting proper-ties. The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize the bioactive principlepresent in AEE and investigate its role in radiation protection. A novel molecule was foundto be present in AEE and was assigned as 3-O––d-galactoside of quercetin by acid hydroly-sis, LC-MS, LC-APCI-MS/MS and13C NMR spectra.
Various biological activities were inves-tigated atin vitrolevel. The antioxidant potential of AEE in lipid and aqueous phase wasdetermined against numerous stresses. AEE was found to be significantly (p< 0.05) protec-tive,i.e., against Fe2+and Cu2+–induced linoleic acid degradation, respectively. radiation–induced lipid oxidation studies revealed that AEE maximally works at a [lignan]/0.25 kGyratio 400 (ratio of concentration of AEE divided by the radiation dose,i.e., 0.25 kGy) andno drug-induced lipid oxidation at all concentrations tested was found. In a time-dependentstudy, total antioxidant activity was maximally exhibited at 1 mg/ml. The site-specific andnon-site-specific deoxyribose degradation assay exhibited a dose-dependant hydroxyl scav-enging potential of AEE (0.05Ð500μg/ml). The anti-lipid peroxidation ability of AEE againstradiation (0.25 kGy)-induced lipid peroxidation was higher in case of neural tissue homoge-nate as compared to kidney homogenate [activity ratio: 0.039 (brain) < 0.24 (kidney)]. Theprotein protection study using bovine serum albumin was also done for two time intervals(2 h and 4 h) and significant (p< 0.05) protection was observed at 500μg/ml (> 97%).
This study implies that 3-O––d-galactoside present in AEE renders radioprotection by protectinglipids, proteins in renal and neural model system against supra-lethal (0.25 kGy) gamma radi-ation.
The current study was aimed to determine the stability, serum protein binding ability, biodistribution, antioxidant potential and tissue toxicity status of a novel radioprotective formulation (G-002M) from Podophyllum hexandrum. G-002M is the combination of a flavonoid, a lignan and its glucoside isolated from P. hexandrum rhizome that exhibit high radioprotective potential. Stability of G-002M tagged with 99mTc was observed in vitro and with mice serum till 24 hr of incubation. The formulation was investigated for its antioxidant status and its bioavailability and toxicity in different organs of mice. Biodistribution study of 99mTc-G-002M revealed its uptake by all the vital organs of mice. Higher absorbed dose was observed in lungs, liver, jejunum and kidney. Maximum retention of G-002M in kidney revealed that G-002M was excreted predominantly through renal route. G-002M was also observed to have high free radical scavenging and total reducing properties. Histopathological observations showed no significant alterations in tissue morphology of lungs, liver, jejunum and kidney by G-002M administration.
The data conclusively demonstrate that high stability, multi organ availability, longer retention and non-toxic behavior of G-002M might help in exhibiting strong protective potential against lethal radiation.
inhibition of the tumour suppressor p53 by PFT (pifithrin-α) promotes p53-mediated apoptosis and protects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of PFT on the radioprotective potential of Podophyllum hexandrum fraction (REC-2006) in HepG2 (p53++) cell line. REC-2006 (10−5 μg/ml) treatment at 2 h before irradiation (10 Gy) rendered 80±3% protection in HepG2 cells, whereas PFT debilitated the radioprotective potential of REC-2006. REC-2006 increased the expression of Hsp70 (heat-shock protein 70), HSF1 (heat-shock factor 1) and Bcl-2 in irradiated HepG2 cells, whereas PFT when treated with REC-2006 decreased the expression of Hsp70, HSF1 and Bcl-2 in HepG2 cells. REC-2006 facilitated post-irradiation DNA repair by pausing cell-cycle progression at G1– and G2-phase, whereas no such cell-cycle arrest was observed in irradiated HepG2 cells pretreated with PFT in irradiated HepG2 cells.
No change was observed in Mdm2 (murine double minute 2) and Ras-GAP (Ras-GTPase-activating protein) expression with or without PFT treatment. decrease in the expression of caspase 3 and Bax was observed in HepG2 cells when REC-2006 treatment was given 2 h before irradiation; however, PFT treatment increased the expression of Bax leading to apoptosis. It can be concluded that p53 expression plays a major role in the REC-2006-mediated protection against acute irradiation in HepG2 cells. PFT treatment reduced the radioprotective efficacy of REC-2006 by inhibiting the expression of HSF1 and Hsp70 and thereby the expression of Bcl-2, by up-regulating the cell-cycle-regulatory proteins and therefore reducing the span of time for DNA repair and also by inducing Bax-mediated apoptosis. PFT did not, however, show any effect on p53 regulating protein (Mdm2) and pro-survival protein (Ras-GAP).
The present study was carried out to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of Podophyllum hexandrum fraction (REC-2006) in hepatoma cell lines having different p53 statuses. Higher radioresistance was observed in the HepG2 (p53++) cell line in comparison to the Hep3B (p53—) cell line, indicating a plausible role of p53 in radioresistance. REC-2006 exhibited nearly twice the survival in p53-expressing HepG2 cells compared with p53-negative Hep3B cells. REC-2006 treatment alone induced p53 expression as compared with untreated controls. However, REC-2006 reduced p53 expression when treated 2 hours before irradiation as compared with the irradiated HepG2 controls, indicating that REC-2006 modulates the expression of p53 to mitigate its apoptotic effect. Induction of p21 in the REC-2006 + radiation treatment group downregulated the expression of cyclin E and CDK2, leading to a delay in the G1 phase of HepG2 cells, which provided time for DNA repair or related processes. However, no significant difference in CDC2 expression in both cell lines suggested that G2 phase arrest might not be the only responsible factor for REC-2006-mediated radioprotection.
Significant induction of PCNA and GADD45 expression in HepG2 cells suggested that REC-2006 increased the percentage survival of HepG2 cells by increasing the span of time as well as efficacy for repair processes. In conclusion, REC-2006 modulated the expression of p53 and thereby promoted cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, encouraging cell proliferation and DNA repair and thus providing significantly higher protection against acute γ-radiation in the HepG2 cell line.
Management of radiation–induced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species requires a holistic approach to mitigate the deleterious effects of free radicals. Flora of the Himalayas, which prevails under extreme climatic conditions, has been explored for its potential utility to develop radioprotective drugs. The Himalayan high altitude medicinal plant, Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, was selected on the basis of its unique properties, and a novel fractionated nonpolar extract (REC-2003) was prepared and evaluated for radioprotective efficacy, in vitro as well as in vivo. The free radical scavenging activity of REC-2003 was found to be > 75% (20 μg/ml) with maximum superoxide scavenging activity (57.56 ± 1.38%) recorded at 1 mg/ml concentration (tetrazolium-based estimation). More than 30% inhibition of nitric oxide radicals was observed at concentrations > 0.5 mg/ml, while hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (deoxy-D-ribose assay) exhibited a dose-dependent (100–600 μg/ml) increase. significantly high (90%) protection to human erythrocytes was observed at 75 μg/ml, which was found to be the most optimized dose. Similarly, more than 90% inhibition was observed against lipid peroxidation (evaluated by estimating levels of malondialdehyde). The significant antihemolytic potential of REC-2003 could be attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals, reduce peroxidative stress on lipid membranes, and render protection to DNA (evaluated using plasmid relaxation assay). All these activities holistically contributed toward the radioprotective ability. REC-2003 (8 mg/kg BW; intraperitoneal (i.p.), −30 min) rendered > 80% total-body protection in Swiss Albino Strain ‘A’ mice [against lethal radiation (10 Gy)] in a 30-day survival assay. Phytochemical characterization of the constituents of REC-2003 revealed the presence of polyphenolics (flavonoids).
The characterized constituents also included the aryl-tetralin lignans like podophyllotoxin, its glycoside, 4′-demethyl derivative, and epi-podophyllotoxin. The optimized requisite single dose (8 mg/KgBW; i.p., −30 min) for obtaining significant radioprotection is reasonably low and establishes its future utility as a dietary supplement in the medical management of free radical-mediated diseases and specifically for rescue missions during nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs).
The aqueous-ethanolic extract (AEE) of high altitude Podophyllum hexandrum has earlier been reported to render a radioprotective effect against lethal gamma radiation in in vitro model. AEE has also been reported to possess metal chelating and DNA protecting properties. The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize the bioactive principle present in AEE and investigate its role in radiation protection. A novel molecule was found to be present in AEE and was assigned as 3-O-β-á´ -galactoside of quercetin by acid hydrolysis, LC-MS, LC-APCI-MS/MS and ¹³C NMR spectra. Various biological activities were investigated at in vitro level. The antioxidant potential of AEE in lipid and aqueous phase was determined against numerous stresses. AEE was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) protective, i.e., against Fe²⺠and Cu²âº-induced linoleic acid degradation, respectively. radiationinduced lipid oxidation studies revealed that AEE maximally works at a [lignan]/0.25 kGy ratio 400 (ratio of concentration of AEE divided by the radiation dose, i.e., 0.25 kGy) and no drug-induced lipid oxidation at all concentrations tested was found. In a time-dependent study, total antioxidant activity was maximally exhibited at 1 mg/ml.
The site-specific and non-site-specific deoxyribose degradation assay exhibited a dose-dependant hydroxyl scavenging potential of AEE (0.05-500 μg/ml). The anti-lipid peroxidation ability of AEE against radiation (0.25 kGy)-induc
The aqueous-ethanolic extract (AEE) of high altitude Podophyllum hexandrum has earlier been reported to render a radioprotective effect against lethal gamma radiation in in vitro model. AEE has also been reported to possess metal chelating and DNA protecting properties. The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize the bioactive principle present in AEE and investigate its role in radiation protection. A novel molecule was found to be present in AEE and was assigned as 3-O-β-ᴅ-galactoside of quercetin by acid hydrolysis, LC-MS, LC-APCI-MS/MS and ¹³C NMR spectra.
Various biological activities were investigated at in vitro level. The antioxidant potential of AEE in lipid and aqueous phase was determined against numerous stresses. AEE was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) protective, i.e., against Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺-induced linoleic acid degradation, respectively.
Polygonatum odoratum
This study aims to investigate the effect of Polygonum odoratum leaf extract (POE) on oxidative stress markers and cell death induced by low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) in Raw 264.7 cells. The biological activities, chromatographic fingerprint, and cytotoxicity of POE were investigated. To determine the radioprotective effect of POE, Raw 264.7 cells were incubated with POE for 1 hr prior to 100 mGy x-irradiation. The cell viability, oxidative stress damage marker (malondialdehyde level; MDA), and endogenous antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT, and glutathione peroxidase: GSH-Px) were also determined.
The results showed that POE contained 8 essential substances and exhibited a potent antioxidant without any cytotoxicity. It was found that POE significantly decreased the MDA level and activated cell viability, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities. The results from this study indicate that POE is a potent antioxidant, which can be developed as a radioprotector for diagnostic procedures.
Polygonum aviculare
antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum aviculare L.
Free radicals induce numerous diseases by lipid peroxidation, protein peroxidation, and DNA damage. It has been reported that numerous plant extracts have antioxidant activities to scavenge free radicals. Whether Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) has antioxidant activity is unknown. In this study, dried Polygonum aviculare L. was extracted by ethanol, and the extract was lyophilized.
The antioxidant activities of extract powder were examined by free radical scavenging assays, superoxide radical scavenging assays, lipid peroxidation assays and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission assays. The results show that the IC50 value of Polygonum aviculare L. extract is 50 µg/ml in free radical scavenging assays, 0.8 µg/ml in superoxide radical scavenging assays, and 15 µg/ml in lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. Furthermore, Polygonum aviculare L. extract has DNA protective effect in hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission assays.
The total phenolics and flavonoid content of extract is 677.4 ± 62.7 µg/g and 112.7 ± 13 µg/g. The results indicate that Polygonum aviculare L. extract clearly has antioxidant effects.
effects of Polygonum aviculare herbal extract on sperm parameters after EMF exposure in mouse
Electromagnetic fields with high energy same as ionizing radiation inserts their destructive effects via free radical production. Using antioxidants or herbal plants with antioxidants components could diminish hazardous effects of EMF. Polygonum aviculare has a high amount of phenolic and flavonoid and proved that has antioxidants effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Polygonum aviculare herbal extract on sperm parameters after EMF exposure in mouse.
Twenty four male mice, 8 weeks divided to 4 groups (one control and three experimental groups). control group didn’t receive EMF exposure. EMF group mice received 3 mT EMF during 2 months, 4 h daily and 5 days weekly. Polygonum aviculare group received 50 mg kg(-1) herbal extract during 2 months and poly -EMF group received 3 mT EMF during 2 months, 4 h daily and 5 days weekly and 50 mg kg(-1) herbal extract during 2 months. After 2 months the mice sacrificed with cervical dislocation and sperm obtained from tail of epididymis and motility and morphology of them were analyzed.
Sperm analysis results showed that in group with Polygonum aviculare, morphology and motility of sperm developed (p < 0.05). Present results showed that EMF can reduce motility of sperm and treatment of Polygonum aviculare after EMF exposure developed sperm quality after EMF exposure.
In this study, Polygonum aviculare L. extract, which has superior antioxidative and cellular membrane protective activity, was loaded onto cell penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugated liposomes to enhance transdermal delivery. The physical characteristics of typical liposomes and CPP-conjugated liposomes containing P. aviculare extract were evaluated. The particle sizes of both liposomes were approximately 150 nm. Whereas the zeta potential of typical liposomes was −45 mV, that of CPP-conjugated liposomes was +42 mV. The loading efficiency of P. aviculare extract in both liposomes was calculated to be about 83%. Fluorescent-labeled liposomes were prepared to evaluate cellular uptake and skin permeation efficiency.
Using flow cytometry, we found that CPP-conjugated liposomes improved cellular uptake of the fluorescent dye as compared with the typical liposomes. In addition, the skin permeation of CPP-conjugated liposomes was proved higher than that of typical liposomes by confocal laser scanning microscopy studies and Franz diffusion cell experiments. The improved cellular uptake and skin permeation of the CPP-conjugated liposomes were due to the cationic arginine-rich peptide. In vivo studies also determined that the CPP-conjugated liposomes were more effective in depigmentation and anti-wrinkle studies than typical liposomes.
These results indicate that the CPP-conjugated liposomes could be effective for transdermal drug delivery of antioxidant and anti-aging therapeutics.
Polyporus umbellatus
Polyporus umbellatus Polysaccharides (PUPs) are the main active components of Polyporus umbellatus, one of the commonly used traditional chinese medicines. In this study, the radioprotective and chemopreventive effects of PUPs were studied in vitro and in vivo. In human lymphoblastoid Tk6 cells, pretreatment of PUPs at a dose of 100 Ag/ml and 300 Ag/ml 30 min before irradiation significantly reduced radiation–induced micronuclei (MN) and tk mutant frequencies. Pretreatments of PUPs at a dose of 50 mg/Kg by i.p. injection 30 min or 45 min before 6 Gy irradiation resulted in statistically significant decrease of MN frequencies in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of irradiated mice. Comparative studies with a known radioprotective agent WR-2721 showed that PUPs may be a better radioprotective agent with a higher inhibition ratio of radiation–induced micronuclei and tk mutant frequencies.
Mechanistic study showed that administration of PUPs at a dose of 50 mg/kg 30 min before irradiation significantly reduced the formation of the oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2V-deoxyguanosine) and lipid peroxidation in irradiated mouse liver. The antioxidant activity of PUPs may contribute to its radioprotective effect. Furthermore, PUPs caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced MN formation in TK6 cells. PUPs also inhibited MN frequencies in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Since PUPs are natural, relatively nontoxic and less-expensive; these data suggest that PUPs may be a useful radioprotective agent and chemopreventive agent.
This experiment attempts to relieve the depression of hemapoietic function and immune function induced in rats by a single 6 Gy ~(60)Co-ray whole body radiation with Polyporus umbellatus injected intraperitoneally into rats.
The results show that Polyprous umbellatus can increase the number of peripheral blood leucocytes in rats on the 3rd, 6 th, 10 th day after the radiation, the number of bone narrrow cells, NK cell activity and spleen index on the 10th day after the radia-tion.
Polyporus umbellatus Polysaccharides (PUPs) are the main active components of Polyporus umbellatus, one of the commonly used Traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, the radioprotective and chemopreventive effects of PUPs were studied in vitro and in vivo. In human lymphoblastoid Tk6 cells, pretreatment of PUPs at a dose of 100 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml 30 min before irradiation significantly reduced radiation–induced micronuclei (MN) and tk mutant frequencies. Pretreatments of PUPs at a dose of 50 mg/Kg by i.p. injection 30 min or 45 min before 6 Gy irradiation resulted in statistically significant decrease of MN frequencies in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of irradiated mice. Comparative studies with a known radioprotective agent WR-2721 showed that PUPs may be a better radioprotective agent with a higher inhibition ratio of radiation–induced micronuclei and tk mutant frequencies. Mechanistic study showed that administration of PUPs at a dose of 50 mg/kg 30 min before irradiation significantly reduced the formation of the oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine) and lipid peroxidation in irradiated mouse liver.
The antioxidant activity of PUPs may contribute to its radioprotective effect. Since PUPs are natural, relatively nontoxic and less-expensive; these data suggest that PUPs may be a useful radioprotective agent.
Polyporus umbellatus Polysaccharides (PUPs) are the main active components of Polyporus umbellatus, one of the commonly used Traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, the radioprotective and chemopreventive effects of PUPs were studied in vitro and in vivo. In human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, pretreatment of PUPs at a dose of 100 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml 30 min before irradiation significantly reduced radiation–induced micronuclei (MN) and tk mutant frequencies. Pretreatments of PUPs at a dose of 50 mg/Kg by i.p. injection 30 min or 45 min before 6 Gy irradiation resulted in statistically significant decrease of MN frequencies in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of irradiated mice.
Comparative studies with a known radioprotective agent WR-2721 showed that PUPs may be a better radioprotective agent with a higher inhibition ratio of radiation–induced micronuclei and tk mutant frequencies. Mechanistic study showed that administration of PUPs at a dose of 50 mg/kg 30 min before irradiation significantly reduced the formation of the oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine) and lipid peroxidation in irradiated mouse liver. The antioxidant activity of PUPs may contribute to its radioprotective effect.
Furthermore, PUPs caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced MN formation in TK6 cells. PUPs also inhibited MN frequencies in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Since PUPs are natural, relatively nontoxic and less-expensive; these data suggest that PUPs may be a useful radioprotective agent and chemopreventive agent.?
Pomegranate peel
Conclusion: The study concluded that pomegranate peel extract can ameliorate the histopathological changes induced by mobile phone electromagnetic radiations.
Rakhmawati M, Qadriyati I, Wijayanti L. 2011. The effect of red pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on leukocyte number and type in rats exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation. Biofarmasi 9: 55-61. This research aimed to examine the effect of red pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on leukocyte number and type in rats exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation. This study was a laboratory experimental post-test only control group design.
The subjects used were 32 male rats, divided into 4 groups: (i) control group, (ii) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-exposed group for 4 hour/day for 14 days, (iii) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-exposed group for 4 hour/ day for 14 days with red pomegranate peel extract 50 mg/kg weight body in pre and during exposed, and (iv) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-exposed group for 4 hour/day for 14 days with red pomegranate peel extract 50 mg/kg body weight pre, during and post-exposed. After 41 days, blood was collected in a clean tube with EDTA from orbital sinus of rats. blood was used for leukocyte number and type in Pathology Clinic Laboratory, Faculty of medicine, Sebelas Maret University.
Enhancement of radiation–induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in tumor cells by ellagic acid
Conclusion: Combined treatment of tumor with EA and radiation enhances oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in tumor cells. EA protects normal cells against radiation damage. This may offer potential therapeutic benefit, which warrants clinical study for application in cancer radiotherapy.
protective effect of curcumin, ellagic acid and bixin on radiation induced genotoxicity.
Induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations produced by whole body exposure of r-radiation (1.5-3.0 Gy) in mice was found to be significantly inhibited by oral administration of natural antioxidants, curcumin (400 micro moles), ellagic acid (200 micro moles) and bixin (200 micro moles) per kilogram body weight. These antioxidants induced inhibition of micronucleated polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes, was comparable with alpha-tocopherol (200 micro moles) administration. Curcumin and ellagic acid were also found to significantly reduce the number of bone marrow cells with chromosomal aberrations and chromosomal fragments as effectively as alpha-tocopherol. Moreover, administration of antioxidants inhibited the DNA strand breaks produced in rat lymphocytes upon radiation as seen from the DNA unwinding studies.
These results indicated that antioxidant curcumin, ellagic acid and bixin provide protection against chromosome damage produced by radiation.
radiation–induced enteritis is a well-recognized sequel of therapeutic irradiation. Therefore we examined the radioprotective properties of Punica granatum peel extract (PPE) on the oxidative damage in the ileum. Rats were exposed to a single whole-body X-ray irradiation of 800 cGy. irradiated rats were pretreated orally with saline or PPE (50 mg/kg/day) for 10 days before irradiation and the following 10 days, while control rats received saline or PPE but no irradiation. Then plasma and ileum samples were obtained. irradiation caused a decrease in glutathione and total antioxidant capacity, which was accompanied by increases in malondialdehyde levels, myeloperoxidase activity, collagen content of the tissue with a concomitant increase 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (an index of oxidative DNA damage). Similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and lactate dehydrogenase were elevated in irradiated groups as compared to control. PPE treatment reversed all these biochemical indices, as well as histopathological alterations induced by irradiation. Furthermore, flow cytometric measurements revealed that leukocyte apoptosis and cell death were increased in irradiated animals, while PPE reversed these effects.
PPE supplementation reduced oxidative damage in the ileal tissues, probably by a mechanism that is associated with the decreased production of reactive oxygen metabolites and enhancement of antioxidant mechanisms. Adjuvant therapy of PPE may have a potential to support a successful radiotherapy by protecting against radiation–induced enteritis.
extract of Punica granatum inhibits skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation
Conclusion The major polyphenols in PG, particularly catechin, play a significant role in its photoprotective effects on UVB–induced skin damage.
There has been an increase in the use of botanicals as skin photoprotective agents. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is well known for its high concentration of polyphenolic compounds and for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the photoprotection provided by P. granatum seed oil nanoemulsion entrapping the polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction against UVB–induced DNA damage in the keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. For this purpose, HaCaT cells were pretreated for 1 h with nanoemulsions in a serum-free medium and then irradiated with UVB (90–200 mJ/cm2) rays. Fluorescence microscopy analysis provided information about the cellular internalization of the nanodroplets. We also determined the in vitro SPF of the nanoemulsions and evaluated their phototoxicity using the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test. The nanoemulsions were able to protect the cells‘ DNA against UVB–induced damage in a concentration dependent manner. Nanodroplets were internalized by the cells but a higher proportion was detected along the cell membrane. The SPF obtained (~ 25) depended on the concentration of the ethyl acetate fraction and pomegranate seed oil in the nanoemulsion. The photo protective formulations were classified as non-phototoxic.
In conclusion, nanoemulsions entrapping the polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction show potential for use as a sunscreen product.
Poria cocos
Reductive effects of poria cocos on radiation–induced damage
In order to screen a radioprotective material from nontoxic natural products, the effects of Poria cocos (PC), known as a blood tonic of traditional Oriental herbs, were investigated in HL-60 cells and ICR mice. The water extract of PC was administrated to mice and then the mice were irradiated with – rays. The jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells were investigated in mice irradiated with 12 Gy, 6.5 Gy, 2 Gy of -rays, respectively.
The administration of the PC extract protected the jejunal crypts (p<0.005) and decreased the apoptosis frequency (p<0.05). The formation of endogenous spleen colony was increased but not significantly. The micronuclei (MN) formation and the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; comet assay) were investigated in HL- 60 cells irradiated 2 Gy of -rays. The frequency of MN was decreased (p<0.001) and the tail movement, which was a marker of DNA strand breaks in the SCGE, was decreased in groups treated with PC extract (p<0.01) before exposure to-irradiation.
These results indicated that PC protects stem cells and reduces DNA damage induced by -rays. Therefore, Poria cocos might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic product.
We performed this study to determine the radioprotective effect of Sam Ryung Baek Chul San (San Ling Bai Shu San), as a prescription of traditional Oriental medicine, and its major ingredients. Jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells were investigated in irradiated mice with high and low dose of rays. Sam Ryung Baek Chul San administration before irradiation increased the formation of endogenous spleen colony(p<0.05) and reduced the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis(p<0.05). In the experiment on the effect of ingredients of Sam Ryung Baek Chul San, the result indicated that the extracts of Panax ginseng, Poria cocos and Coix lacryma jabi might have the major radioprotective effects.
Although the mechanisms of these inhibitory effects remain to be elucidated, these results indicated that Sam Ryung Baek Chul San might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic natural product.
Porphyra haitanensis
study on the ability of shielding uleraviolet-ray from methand extract of Porphyra haitanensis
The paper is aimed to check anti-uvR and anti-oxidant ability of natural sun-screen compounds, the main contents is mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which was extracted from Porphyra haitanensis by 80%, 90%,100% methanol, respectively. The results showed that 80% methanol was the best concentration for extracting MAAs in Porphyra haitanensis. The extracted compounds had the potent uv shield ability because of obvious absorption peak under uvR waveband (280-400 nm). For analyzing the sun block results, the compounds were mixed into the anti-sun lotion (Zirantang, SPF=18) according to the ratio (mg∶mg) of 1∶5, 1∶10, 1∶20 and 1∶30 respectively and then we calculated the sun protection factor (SPF). The data showed these compounds improved the anti-uvR ability of anti-sun lotion very well. The SPF was 22 (1∶30), 43 (1∶20), 87 (1∶10) and 114 (1∶5), respectively.
These compounds also had the ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species, 12.82% of DPPH and 0.58% of hydroxyl radical can be cleared up by these compounds. The data in our paper showed the compounds extracted from Porphyra haitanensis can be used for sun-screen cosmetic．
antitumor function and mechanism of phycoerythrin from Porphyra haitanensis
The anti-tumor effect of R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) from Porphyra haitanensis was studied using cell line HeLa as an in vitro model and Sarcoma-180 (S180) tumor-bearing mice as an in vivo model. The results showed that the combination treatment of R-PE and photodynamic therapy PDT) significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa cells up to 81.5%, with a fair dose-effect relationship, but did not inhibit endothelial cells. The annexin v-fitc/PI fluorescence staining experiments demonstrated that at doses between 0~60µg/mL, apoptosis cells and later stage apoptosis cells or necrosis cells increased significantly as the R-PE dosage increased. DNA electrophoresis showed that after R-PE+PDT treatment of HeLa cells for 24 hours, a light “smear” band between 100~400bp appeared to indicate the degradation of genomic DNA. The QRT-PCR results showed that R-PE+PDT treatment increased caspase-3 and caspase-10 gene expression and decreased the Bcl-2 gene expression level significantly as the R-PE dose increased, implying that R-PE promoted HeLa cell apoptosis.
Compared with untreated S180 tumor-bearing mice, R-PE injection significantly inhibited the growth of S180 in tumor-bearing mice up to 41.3% at a dose of 300mg-kg-1. Simultaneously, the significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum (p < 0.01) and the decrease of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver suggests that R-PE improved the anti-oxidant ability of the S180 tumor-bearing mice, which may related to its antitumor effect. In addition, the R-PE caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the spleen index and thymus index, and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell kill activity and the TNF-α level in the serum of S180 tumor-bearing mice.
These results strongly suggest that the antitumor effect of R-PE from Porphyra haitanensis functioned by increasing the immunity and antioxidant ability of S180 tumor-bearing mice, promoting apoptosis by increasing protease gene expression and TNF-α secretion.
This study was designed to fully characterize Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides, and to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The polysaccharides primarily contained galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose in a molar ratio of 1.2:1.0, respectively and sulfate content about 3.8%. The molecular weight of polysaccharides is 2.5 × 105 Da. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of the polysaccharides pointed towards an irregular network with more or less hexagonal and a few rectangular pores.
The chemical structure was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance structural characterization wherein → 4–3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose-(1 → 3)-β-D-galactopyranose segments. The extracted polysaccharides revealed relatively high 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activity (53.16% at 2 mg/mL), moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging efficacy (34.63% at 2 mg/mL), and low hydroxyl radical scavenging potential (23.80% at 2 mg/mL). Further purification of these polysaccharides, hence, is advised for their potential role as antioxidants in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry.
Potassium Iodide
Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that compared with potassium iodide alone, combined thyroxine, methimazole, and potassium iodide protect the thyroid more effectively against radiation damage from 123/131I during diagnostic and therapeutic MIBG administration in children with neuroblastoma.
Conclusion: This study observes a general high inter- and intra-individual variability in radio-iodide uptake in the thyroid after I-131-MIBG therapy despite KI premedication, as well as possible occurrence of hypothyroidism. A dose-response relationship needs confirmation on a larger cohort of patients to reach statistical value. An alternative thyroid cytoprotection strategy for possible long-term survivors may be considered.
Use of potassium iodide to minimize thyroid radiation from radioactive fall-out
Nuclear power reactors have a large inventory of radionuclides generated from fission of uranium and plutonium. Radioiodines and other fission products are held within the metal cladding of the fuel rods. An accident destroying the integrity of this cladding and the containment will release these radionuclides into the atmosphere as gases, aerosols, or particulates. In these forms, their environmental dispersion is erratic and inhomogeneous, depending largely on meteorologic conditions.
Potassium iodide for radiation exposure
Conclusion: This proposed systematic review will update the existing WHO guideline from 1999. New evidence on the efficacy of KI administration to reduce thyroid cancer, hypothyroidism, and benign thyroid nodules in the event of an accidental release of radioactive iodine to the environment will provide the basis for an update of the WHO guideline for iodine prophylaxis following nuclear accidents.
Pothomorphe umbellata
In this study we evaluated the activity of Pothomorphe umbellata root extract on hairless mice chronically exposed to UVB radiation (76.5 mJ/cm2, 4 days per week for 22 weeks). Mouse dorsal surfaces were treated topically with 20 mg/cm2 of a carbomer 940 gel (vehicle) with or without P. umbellata root extract to a final concentration of 0.1%, for 2 h before irradiation. Another irradiated group received no topical treatment. A fourth group received no treatment and was not irradiated. Visible skin wrinkling was evaluated using a scale ranging from 0 to 4, where 0 corresponds to no skin modification, and 4 to the maximum visual skin alteration observed in our experiments. Histological measurements were carried out on standard haematoxylin & eosin stained sections. The mean distances between the outermost surface of the epidermis (excluding the stratum corneum) and the dermal–epidermal junction were determined by morphometric analysis.
These distances were statistically increased in the irradiated control groups when compared to the non irradiated control group and to the irradiated group using P.umbellata root extract. These data demonstrate that P.umbellata may be successfully used as a topical skin–protecting agent against the deleterious effects of uv radiation.
In this study we assessed the protective effect of topical application of Pothomorphe umbellata extract on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin lesion parameters in hairless mouse epidermis. A single dose of UVB irradiation (0.23 kJ/m2) resulted in a significant decrease in thymine dimer-positive cells and apoptotic sunburn cells, with an increase in p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in the epidermis. After 5 weeks (total dose 13.17 kJ/m2) and 15 weeks (total dose 55.51 kJ/m2) of irradiation, P. umbellata treatment inhibited the hyperplasic response and induced an increase in p53-positive cells.
These findings suggest that P. umbellata extract affords protection against UVB–induced skin lesions.
Pothomorphe umbellata extract Prevents α‐Tocopherol Depletion After uv‐irradiation
In this work we evaluated the influence of topical application of P. umbellata root extract gel, containing 0.1% of 4-nerolidylcathecol, on the antioxidant network in uv–induced oxidative damage in hairless mouse skin. The uv–irradiation had no influence on ascorbic acid levels or on the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase) activities, but topical P. umbellata treatment protected α-tocopherol from being depleted after uv–irradiation. α-Tocopherol concentration decreased significantly (∼40%, P < 0.01) in the irradiated control groups, whereas in the P. umbellata–treated group, α-tocopherol was totally preserved (∼100%, P > 0.05).
These data demonstrate that P. umbellata may be successfully used as a topical photoprotective agent.
In this study we evaluated the activity of Pothomorphe umbellata root extract on hairless mice chronically exposed to UVB radiation (76.5 mJ/cm2, 4 days per week for 22 weeks). Mouse dorsal surfaces were treated topically with 20 mg/cm2 of a carbomer 940 gel (vehicle) with or without P. umbellata root extract to a final concentration of 0.1%, for 2h before irradiation. Another irradiated group received no topical treatment. A fourth group received no treatment and was not irradiated. Visible skin wrinkling was evaluated using a scale ranging from 0 to 4, where 0 corresponds to no skin modification, and 4 to the maximum visual skin alteration observed in our experiments. Histological measurements were carried out on standard haematoxylin & eosin stained sections. The mean distances between the outermost surface of the epidermis (excluding the stratum corneum) and the dermal–epidermal junction were determined by morphometric analysis. These distances were statistically increased in the irradiated control groups when compared to the non irradiated control group and to the irradiated group using P. umbellata root extract.
These data demonstrate that P. umbellata may be successfully used as a topical skin–protecting agent against the deleterious effects of uv radiation.
Propolis
Several studies suggest that dietary supplementation with antioxidant can influence the response to chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects caused by treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Using CBA mouse model, we investigated a clinically potential use of a water-soluble derivative of propolis (WSDP) in the treatment of various cytopenias induced by radiation and/or chemotherapy. Also, the antimetastatic efficiency of WSDP given intraperitoneally alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and their effects on the blood leukocytes count as well as on hematopoiesis were studied. tumor was a transplantable mammary carcinoma (MCa) of CBA mouse.
Metastases in the lung were generated by injecting viable tumor cells intravenously (iv). WSDP (50 or 150 mg/kg) exerted a significant antimetastatic effect (P < 0.001) when given either before or after tumor cell inoculation. In combined treatment WSDP and Epirubicin profoundly inhibited metastasis formation; this synergistic effect is maximal when Epirubicin and WSDP were administrated after tumor cell inoculation. Positive outcome of combined treatment with WSDP and Epirubicin was also found regarding the number of red and white blood cells in peripheral blood while in mice treated with Epirubicin alone the significant drop in all hematological parameters was noticed on day 13 after tumor cell inoculation.
Furthermore, when WSDP (50 mg/kg) was given perorally (po) for 20 consecutive days an increased number of exogenous CFUs was found in treated mice. WSDP given either for 20 or 40 days increased cellularity of hematopoietic tissue and the number of leucocytes in peripheral blood; prolonged treatment with WSDP also elevated myeloid and megakaryocytic types of CFUs.
The radioprotective effects of propolis and polyphenolic compounds from propolis on the radiation–induced mortality of mice exposed to 9 Gy of γ-irradiation were studied. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment of mice at doses of 100 mg kg−1 body weight of propolis (water or ethanolic extract; WSDP or EEP) or its polyphenolic compounds (quercetin, naringin caffeic acid, chrysin) consecutively for 3 d before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness. All test compounds provided protection against hematopoietic death (death within 30 d after irradiation). The greatest protection was achieved with quercetin; the number of survivors at the termination of the experiment was 63%. According to statistical analyses by the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test, a significant difference between test components and control was found (p<0.001). treatment with test components after lethal irradiation was ineffective.
These results suggest that propolis and its polyphenolic compounds given to mice before irradiation protect mice from the lethal effects of whole-body irradiation.
radioprotective effects of quercetin and ethanolic extract of propolis in gamma–irradiated mice
The aim of this study was to assess radioprotective effects of quercetin and the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) in CBA mice exposed to a single radiation dose 4 Gy (60Co). The mice were treated with 100 mg kg-1 quercetin or EEP a day for three consecutive days either before (pre-treatment) or after gamma–irradiation (therapy). Leukocyte count was determined in blood drawn from the tail vein, and DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed using the alkaline comet assay. Genotoxic effects of the test compunds were also evaluated in non-irradiated mice.
The levels of radioprotection provided by both test compounds were compared with those established in mice that were given chemical radioprotector S-(2-Aminoethyl)isothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET). Mice that received pre-treatment were less sensitive to irradiation. Mice given the post-irradiation therapy showed a slight but not significant increase in total leukocyte count over irradiated negative control. Quercetin showed better protective properties than EEP in both pre-treatment and therapy, and activated a higher number of leukocytes in non-irradiated mice. The alkaline comet assay suggests that both natural compounds, especially when given as pre-treatment, protect against primary leukocyte DNA damage in mice. At tested concentrations, EEP and quercetin were not genotoxic to non-irradiated mice. AET, however, caused a slight but not significant increase in DNA damage.
Although the results of this study show the radioprotective potential of the test compounds, further investigation is needed to clarify the underlying protection mechanisms.
The radioprotective effects of water-soluble derivate of propolis (WSDP) collected in Croatia, and single flavonoids, caffeic acid, chrysin and naringin in the whole-body irradiated CBA mice were investigated. irradiation was performed using a γ-ray source (60Co), and absorbed doses were 4 and 9 Gy. The efficiency of test components was evaluated when given intraperitoneally (i.p.) at dose of 100 mg kg−1 for 3 consecutive days before and/or after irradiation. Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of all test components were assessed on non-irradiated animals. The higher efficiency of test components was observed when given preventively.
The results suggest that propolis and related flavonoids given to mice before irradiation protected mice from lethal effects of whole-body irradiation and diminish primary DNA damage in their white blood cells as detected by the alkaline comet assay.
The radioprotective effects of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and quercetin on the white blood cells of the whole-body irradiated CBA mice were investigated. irradiation was performed using a γ-ray source (60Co), and absorbed dose was 9 Gy. The efficiency of test components was evaluated when given intraperitoneally (ip) at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 for 3 consecutive days before and/or after irradiation. Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of test components were also assessed on non-irradiated animals. For each experimental group leukocyte count was determined and the primary DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed using the alkaline comet assay.
The higher efficiency of EEP and quercetin was observed when given preventively. The results suggest that propolis and quercetin given to mice before irradiation protect their white blood cells from lethal effects of irradiation and diminish primary DNA damage as confirmed by the alkaline comet assay.
Positive results obtained on gamma–irradiated mice given EEP and quercetin, complementary with our earlier observations on survival of irradiated mice, indicate that these compounds could be considered effective non-toxic radioprotectors. The exact mechanisms of radioprotection by these compounds and their effects on DNA repair processes are still to be elucidated.
purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)
Conclusion: It could be concluded that purslane extract and fish oil may have therapeutic potential to improve hepatic and renal functions as well as oxidative stress in irradiated rats. Moreover, their co-administration showed a better improved liver function.
Portulaca oleracea L. is an edible plant widely consumed in daily diet throughout Europe, Asia and America. In this study, protective effects of P. oleracea L. extracts against oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation were investigated using HaCaT immortal human keratinocytes. In this context, the mRNA and protein productions of MMPs (MMP-1, -2, and -9) and type I procollagen, which are major markers of photoaging induced by UVB radiation in HaCaT keratinocytes, were evaluated. Furthermore, UVB–induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mRNA and protein expression levels of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), oxygenase-1 (OH-1), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), all of which are associated with the antioxidant balance, were investigated. As shown by the results, UVB radiation induced ROS formation and led to increased production of MMPs and decreased collagen production in human keratinocytes, which resulted in skin photoaging or photodamage. The treatment with P. oleracea L. extracts downregulated MMP (MMP-1, -2, and -9) production and upregulated type I procollagen expression in UVB–induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, treatment with the extracts decreased UVB–induced ROS generation and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD-1 and OH-1, through the Nrf-2 pathway.
Taken together, these results suggest that P. oleracea L. extracts could be a potential cosmeceutical agent for the prevention of skin photoaging or photodamage.
Quercetin
radioprotective effects of quercetin and ethanolic extract of propolis in gamma–irradiated mice
The aim of this study was to assess radioprotective effects of quercetin and the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) in CBA mice exposed to a single radiation dose 4 Gy (60Co). The mice were treated with 100 mg kg-1 quercetin or EEP a day for three consecutive days either before (pre-treatment) or after gamma–irradiation (therapy). Leukocyte count was determined in blood drawn from the tail vein, and DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed using the alkaline comet assay. Genotoxic effects of the test compunds were also evaluated in non-irradiated mice.
The levels of radioprotection provided by both test compounds were compared with those established in mice that were given chemical radioprotector S-(2-Aminoethyl)isothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET). Mice that received pre-treatment were less sensitive to irradiation. Mice given the post-irradiation therapy showed a slight but not significant increase in total leukocyte count over irradiated negative control. Quercetin showed better protective properties than EEP in both pre-treatment and therapy, and activated a higher number of leukocytes in non-irradiated mice. The alkaline comet assay suggests that both natural compounds, especially when given as pre-treatment, protect against primary leukocyte DNA damage in mice. At tested concentrations, EEP and quercetin were not genotoxic to non-irradiated mice. AET, however, caused a slight but not significant increase in DNA damage.
Although the results of this study show the radioprotective potential of the test compounds, further investigation is needed to clarify the underlying protection mechanisms.
The radioprotective potential of bioflavonoid, rutin (RUT) and quercetin (QRT) was investigated in Swiss albino mice exposed to gamma radiation. The radioprotective potential of RUT and QRT was assessed in pre-treatment group of mice followed on radiation–induced changes in glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were also analyzed. Elevation in the GSH, GST, SOD, CAT, and decreased LPO levels were observed in RUT and QRT pretreated group when compared to the irradiated animals. Furthermore, it was observed that RUT and QRT treatment was found to inhibit various free radicals generated in vitro, viz., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), O2, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)+, and OH in a concentration-dependent manner. This study clearly demonstrates the free radical scavenging action of RUT and QRT, indicating that it may have its potential as a radioprotective agent. Furthermore, the presence of a phenolic group in RUT and QRT is known to contribute to scavenging the radiation–induced free radicals and inhibition of oxidative stress.
Present findings demonstrate the potential of RUT and QRT in mitigating radiation–induced oxidative stress, which may be attributed to the inhibition of radiation–induced decline in the endogenous antioxidant levels and scavenging of radiation–induced free radicals.
The radioprotective effects of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and quercetin on the white blood cells of the whole-body irradiated CBA mice were investigated. irradiation was performed using a γ-ray source (60Co), and absorbed dose was 9 Gy. The efficiency of test components was evaluated when given intraperitoneally (ip) at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 for 3 consecutive days before and/or after irradiation. Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of test components were also assessed on non-irradiated animals. For each experimental group leukocyte count was determined and the primary DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed using the alkaline comet assay.
The higher efficiency of EEP and quercetin was observed when given preventively. The results suggest that propolis and quercetin given to mice before irradiation protect their white blood cells from lethal effects of irradiation and diminish primary DNA damage as confirmed by the alkaline comet assay. Positive results obtained on gamma–irradiated mice given EEP and quercetin, complementary with our earlier observations on survival of irradiated mice, indicate that these compounds could be considered effective non-toxic radioprotectors. The exact mechanisms of radioprotection by these compounds and their effects on DNA repair processes are still to be elucidated.
Evaluation of radioprotective effects of propolis and quercetin on human white blood cells in vitro
This in vitro study aimed at investigating the possible radioprotective effects of natural substances propolis and quercetin on γ-irradiated human white blood cells. The levels of primary DNA damage were studied by the alkaline comet assay, while the cytogenetic damage was evaluated using the analysis of structural chromosome aberration and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The results obtained by all endpoints indicate acceptable toxicity profiles of propolis and quercetin in vitro, and also confirmed their radioprotective abilities.
Propolis was found to be more effective in diminishing the levels of primary and more complex cytogenetic DNA damage in gamma–irradiated white blood cells. Data gathered in present study support the use of propolis and quercetin as non-toxic protective substances. However, to clarify the underlying mechanisms of their cyto/radioprotective activities, additional studies are necessary at both in vitro and in vivo levels.
The modulation of longevity genes and aging-associated signaling pathways using pharmacological agents is one of the potential ways to prolong the lifespan and increase the vitality of an organism. Phytochemicals flavonoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a large potential as geroprotectors. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term and short-term consumption of quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen on the lifespan, resistance to stress factors (paraquat, hyperthermia, γ-radiation, and starvation), as well as age-dependent physiological parameters (locomotor activity and fecundity) of Drosophila melanogaster.
The long-term treatment with quercetin and (-)-epicatechin didn’t change or decreased the lifespan of males and females. In contrast, the short-term treatment with flavonoids had a beneficial effect and stimulated the resistance to paraquat and acute γ-irradiation. The short-term ibuprofen consumption had a positive effect on the lifespan of females when it was carried out at the middle age (30–40 days), and to the survival of flies under conditions of oxidative and genotoxic stresses. However, it didn’t change the lifespan of males and females after the treatment during first 10 days of an imago life.
Additionally, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen decreased the spontaneous locomotor activity of males, but had no effect of stimulated the physical activity and fecundity of females. Revealed quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, and ibuprofen activity can be associated with the stimulation of stress response mechanisms through the activation of pro-longevity pathways, or the induction of hormesis.
quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) leaf
In the present study the protective role of quince leaf extract against the adverse impacts of ultraviolet radiation-A (uvA) on some tissues of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) was considered. Fishes were classified into four groups: control, uvR–treated group (for 3 days/for 3 h/day), uvR–treated group (for 3 days/for 3 h/day) with adding 10 ml of quince extract, and uvR–treated group (for 3 days/for 3 h/day) with adding 20 ml of quince leaf extract. blood smears and sections of the liver, and skin were processed routinely for H & E paraffin embedding technique. Some uvA–induced malformations were recorded in the red blood cells including crenated cells (Cr), Acanthocytes (Ac), tear drop-like cells (Tr) and sickle cells (Sk).
Also, uvA–induced disorganization of the normal architecture of hepatic tissues with lipidosis was evident. Hypertrophy and vacuolated club cells were recorded in skin exposed to uvA. In conclusion, quince leaf extract has a valuable antioxidant protective role to prevent and/or repair the histopathological changes induced by uvA.
The present study aimed to elucidate the negative impacts of uvA on some biochemical and hematological variables of the economically important African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and investigates the putative role of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) leaf extract in protection and/or alleviation of such negative impacts. Changes in the hematological and blood biochemical values often reflect alteration of physiological state. blood parameters can be useful for the measurement of physiological disturbances in stressed fish and thus provide information about the level of damage in the fish. We found a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the red blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit in the groups exposed to uvA compared to the control groups. exposure to uvA induced marked red cell shrinkage (increased mean cell hemoglobin concentration) and showed an elevation in mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin in the blood of the exposed fish compared to the control. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the total white blood cells was recorded in the exposed fish compared to the control. The biochemical parameters (blood glucose, total plasma protein, blood cholesterol, plasma creatinine, aspartic amino transferase and alanine amino transferase) exhibited a significant increase in the blood of fish exposed to uvA.
Methanolic extract of quince leaf before ripening of the fruits was analyzed by GC/MS. To investigate the biological impact of this extract and its biologically active components, this extract was tested for its putative role in alleviation of uvA effect on catfish. Quince leaf extract had the ability to prevent hematotoxic stress induced by uvA and resulted in enhancement of the immune system of catfish represented by significant (P < 0.05) increase in the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes of the catfish. Quince extract also protected the red blood cells from uvA damage. To our knowledge this is the first report of the effect of quince leaf extract on an aquatic organism.
Organic acids composition of Cydonia oblonga Miller leaf
Organic acid profiles of 36 Cydonia oblonga Miller leaf samples, from three different geographical origins of northern (Bragança and Carrazeda de Ansiães) and central Portugal (Covilhã), harvested in three collection months (June, August and October of 2006), were determined by HPLC/uv (214 nm). Quince leaves presented a common organic acid profile, composed of six constituents: oxalic, citric, malic, quinic, shikimic and fumaric acids. C. oblonga leaves total organic acid content varied from 1.6 to 25.8 g/kg dry matter (mean value of 10.5 g/kg dry matter). Quinic acid was the major compound (72.2%), followed by citric acid (13.6%).
Significant differences were found in malic and quinic acids relative abundances and total organic acid contents according to collection time, which indicates a possible use of these compounds as maturity markers.
Between June and August seems to be the best period to harvest quince leaves for preparation of decoctions or infusions, since organic acids total content is higher in this season.
Radix Adenophorae
Objective To establish a submandibular gland(SMG) cell model of radiation injury, and to observe the effect of compatibility of Fructus Mume(Wumei) and Radix Glycyrrhizae(Gancao) on the proliferation of the modeled cells. Methods SMG cells were primarily cultured in vitro for the experiment. After immunofluorescence identification and growth curve analysis, SMG cells were given one-time exposure to X electron-ray at dose of 0.1, 0.2, 1, 2, 4 Gy respectively, and then were cultured with Wumei-Gancao solution at the concentration of 500, 50, 5, 0.5 μg/mL separately.
Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was used to determine the survival rate of SMG cells exposed to different doses of X electron-ray and proliferation vitality of SMG cells treated with different concentrations of Wumei-Gancao solution for 24 h. results The survival rate of SMG cells was decreased gradually with the increase of X electron-ray dose. When the concentrations of Wumei-Gancao solution were in the range of 50 ～ 0.5 μg/mL, the cell proliferation rate showed an increasing trend with the increase of drug concentration, the effect being dose-dependent. When the solution concentration arrived to 500 μg/mL, the cell proliferation rate was declined. Conclusion The SMG cell model of radiation injury has been established successfully under the conditions of 0.1 Gy of one-time exposure, 9 Mev of energy at dose rate 3 Gy/min, hop count at 12 MU and source-skin distance being 100 cm.
The concentration of the solution with the compatibitity ratio of Wumei to Gancao being 31 has certain effects on repairing the modeled cells.
Thoracic radiotherapy is a mainstay of the treatment for lung, esophageal, and breast cancers. radiation–induced pulmonary injury (RIPI) is a common side effect of thoracic radiotherapy, which may limit the radiotherapy dose and compromise the treatment results.
However, the current strategies for RIPI are not satisfactory and may induce other side effects. Chinese medicines (CMs) have been used for more than a thousand years to treat a wide range of diseases, including lung disorders. In this review, we screened the literature from 2007 to 2017 in different online databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, Wanfang, and PubMed; summarized the effectiveness of CMs in preventing and treating RIPI; explored the most frequently used drugs; and aimed to provide insights into potential CMs for RIPI. Altogether, CMs attenuated the risk of RIPI with an occurrence rate of 11.37% vs. 27.78% (P < 0.001) compared with the control groups.
We also found that CMs (alone and combined with Western medical treatment) for treating RIPI exerted a higher efficacy rate than that of the control groups (78.33% vs. 28.09%, P < 0.001). In the screened literature, 38 CMs were used for the prevention and treatment of RIPI. The top five most frequently used CMs were Astragali Radix (with a frequency of 8.47%), Ophiopogonis Radix (with a frequency of 6.78%), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome (with a frequency of 5.08%), Paeoniae Radix Rubra (with a frequency of 5.08%), and Prunellae Spica (with a frequency of 5.08%).
However, further high-quality investigations in CM source, pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms, toxicological aspects, and ethical issues are warranted. Taken together, CMs might have a potential role in RIPI prevention and treatment and still have a long way to investigate.
Rajgira (Amaranthus paniculatus
The radioprotective efficacy of aqueous extract of Rajgira (Amaranthus paniculatus) leaves against whole body gamma radiation was studied in Swiss albino mice. The oral administration of Rajgira extract at 800 mg / kg body weight / day for 15 consecutive days before whole body exposure to radiation was found to be effective with the LD50/30 values of 6.33 and 8.62 Gy for irradiation alone and Rajgira + irradiation group, respectively, giving a dose reduction factor of 1.36.
This effect of Rajgira accompanied the increased endogenous spleen colonies and the spleen weight without any side effect or toxicity, as well as the modulation of the radiation–induced decrease of reduced glutathione and the radiation–induced increase in lipid peroxidation assessed in the liver and the blood.
In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the use of functional foods for disease control. Fruits and vegetables produce phytochemicals such as flavonoids and antioxidants which can lower oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic ailments like cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity and the possible protective effects of Amaranthus paniculatus leaves on the antioxidant defense system in Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC)-treated mice.
Oral administration of the leaf extract at different doses caused a significant decrease in tumor volume, viable cell count and tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC bearing mice. It also showed an improved antioxidant potential as evidenced by a significant increase in the cellular antioxidant defense system such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione and also significantly reduced the levels of TBARS. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and lymphocyte count were altered in EAC bearing mice and were reverted back to near normal levels after the treatment with the leaf extracts. Their adequate content of total phenolics and flavonoids, DPPH scavenging activity which further suggests that the extracts exert a significant protection against oxidative stress conditions.
radioprotective potential of plants and herbs against the effects of ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiations produce deleterious effects in the living organisms and the rapid technological advancement has increased human exposure to ionizing radiations enormously. There is a need to protect humans against such effects of ionizing radiation. Attempts to protect against the deleterious effects of ionizing radiations by pharmacological intervention were made as early as 1949 and efforts are continued to search radioprotectors, which may be of great help for human application. This review mainly dwells on the radioprotective potential of plant and herbal extracts.
The results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that several botanicals such as Gingko biloba, Centella asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Ocimum sanctum, Panax ginseng, Podophyllum hexandrum, Amaranthus paniculatus, Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus, Piper longum, Tinospora cordifoila, Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Syzygium cumini, Zingiber officinale, Ageratum conyzoides, Aegle marmelos and Aphanamixis polystachya protect against radiation–induced lethality, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
The fractionation-guided evaluation may help to develop new radio protectors of desired activities.
The extract of Adhatoda vasica, Amaranthus paniculatus, Brassica compestris, Mentha piperita and Spirulina fusiformis has radioprotective effects in animal model systems. In the present investigation, the extracts of A. vasica, A. paniculatus, B. compestris, M. piperita and S. fusiformis were further evaluated for their antioxidant (GSH&LPO) and radical-scavenging activities (DPPH
and ABTS+ assays). All these plant extracts showed antioxidant activity, as measured by estimating reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in liver, and showed radical-scavenging activity in both DPPH and ABTS+ assays. The extracts of M. piperita, A. vasica and B. compestris showed very strong radical-scavenging activity in both the assays. However, extracts of A. paniculatus and S. fusiformis showed moderate radical-scavenging activity. The IC50 values of these plant extracts were: M. piperita – 273 μg/ml, A. vasica – 337 μg/ml, B. compestris – 398 μg/ml, A. paniculatus – 548 μg/ml and S. fusiformis – 620 μg/ml, respectively. The differential radioprotective and antioxidant activity of these plant extracts observed may be assigned to different chemical constituents present in the different plant extracts.
The result of the present investigation indicates that the antioxidant mechanism of radioprotection and free-radical scavenging appear to be likely mechanisms of radiation protection by these plant extracts.
Therapeutic or accidental exposure to ionizing radiation has deleterious effects on living system. Amaranth has taken as a radioprotector for the present study because its leaves are rich in proteins and vitamins especially provitamin A (β-carotene)
The radioprotective potential of Rajgira leaf extract (RLE) was investigated in Swiss albino mice. The mice were divided into three (I-III) groups. Each group had an experimental set in which RLE was given at the dose of 800 mg/kg body weight orally for 15 consecutive days and a control set that received distilled water in similar manner (volume equal to that used to administered RLE in experimental set). On the last day of extract administration, the animals of I, II and III groups were exposed to 6, 8 and 10 Gy of gamma radiation respectively. Animals of experimental and control sets were autopsied at different time intervals for quantitation of mucosa cells in jejunum.
A significant decline was observed in the number of mitotic figures, crypt epithelial cells (per crypt section) and villus height and an increase in frequency of dead cells / crypt section from day 1, which continued and reached at peaks at day 3 in animals of all control sets (except mitotic figures that were absent in 10 Gy exposed animals at day 3). Later on, mitotic figures, crypt epithelial cells and villus height increased and frequency of dead cells decreased continuously from day 7 and almost normal levels were observed at last autopsy interval in surviving animals.
Though, the pattern of change in number of mitotic figures, crypt epithelial cells, villus height and dead cells was similar in RLE pretreated irradiated animals of all sets (I-III) to that of irradiated alone sets but the numbers of mitotic figures, crypt cells, villus height were significantly higher and number of dead cells were lesser. Thus, RLE protected the intestinal mucosa from radiation induced damage as expresed primarily by the higher number of mitotic figures, crypt epithelial cells and higher villus height and decreased frequency of dead cells. The protective and antioxidative properties of Rajgira leaf extract appear to be related to its provitamin A (β – carotine), vitamin C and riboflavin contents.
Rehmannia glutinosa
Conclusion: FEJ was clearly confirmed to promote the recovery of bone marrow hemopoietic function in a myelosuppressed mouse model, which may be attributed to (i) improving bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment; (ii) facilitating the cell proliferation and preventing BMNC from apoptosis; (iii) stimulating the expressions of IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, SCF and GM-CSF and inhibiting the expression of TGF-β
Conclusion: herbal therapy designed to nourish vital energy and eliminates blood stasis relieves highlevel blood coagulation, and also improves quality of life (QoL) in patients undergoing radiotherapy after cervical carcinoma surgery, thus suggesting its potential clinical applications.
natural product interventions for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced side effects
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the common cancer treatments. However, the development of adverse effects resulting from chemotherapy and radiotherapy hinders the clinical use, and negatively reduces the quality of life in cancer patients. natural products including crude extracts, bioactive components-enriched fractions and pure compounds prepared from herbs as well as herbal formulas have been proved to prevent and treat cancer.
Of significant interest, some natural products can reduce chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis, gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hematopoietic system injury, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. This review focuses in detail on the effectiveness of these natural products, and describes the possible mechanisms of the actions in reducing chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced side effects. Recent advances in the efficacy of natural dietary supplements to counteract these side effects are highlighted. In addition, we draw particular attention to gut microbiotan in the context of prebiotic potential of natural products for the protection against cancer therapy-induced toxicities.
We conclude that some natural products are potential therapeutic perspective for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced side effects. Further studies are required to validate the efficacy of natural products in cancer patients, and elucidate potential underlying mechanisms.
Resveratrol
radioprotective and antioxidant effect of resveratrol in hippocampus by activating Sirt1
reactive oxygen species can lead to functional alterations in lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and an accumulation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) is considered to be one factor that contributes to neurodegenerative changes. An increase in ROS production occurs following irradiation. Neuronal tissue is susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high oxygen consumption and modest antioxidant defenses. As a polyphenolic compound, resveratrol is frequently used as an activator of Sirt1 (Sirtuin 1). The present study was designed to explore the radioprotective and antioxidant effect of resveratrol on Sirt1 expression and activity induced by radiation and to provide a new target for the development of radiation protection drugs. Our results demonstrate that resveratrol inhibits apoptosis induced by radiation via the activation of Sirt1. We demonstrated an increase in Sirt1 mRNA that was present on 21 days of resveratrol treatment following irradiation in a concentration-dependent manner. Such mRNA increase was accompanied by an increase of Sirt1 protein and activity.
Resveratrol effectively antagonized oxidation induced by irradiation, supporting its cellular ROS-scavenging effect. These results provide evidence that the mitochondrial protection and the antioxidant effect of resveratrol contribute to metabolic activity. These data suggest that Sirt1 may play an important role to protect neurons from oxidative stress.
Trans-resveratrol is a natural occurring polyphenol, obtained from grapes and other berries. This compound has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant or anti-carcinogenic properties. Our aim was to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy, in vitro, of trans-resveratrol against radiation–induced chromosomal damage and to study the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of this polyphenol in cell cultures without irradiation. The study was carried out by the pre-treatment of human lymphocytes at concentrations from 0 to 219 μM of trans-resveratrol.
The results showed that all concentrations tested reduced radiation–induced chromosomal damage compared with cells with any treatment. Maximum damage protection was observed at the concentration of 2.19 μM. Concerning genotoxic results, all tested trans-resveratrol concentrations increased the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) index compared with no trans-resveratrol treatment. Cytotoxic indexes (Mitotic and Proliferation Index) showed that the lowest concentrations could enhance the cell proliferation rates and the highest ones could negatively affect to human peripheral lymphocytes growth.
Assessment in vitro of radioprotective efficacy of curcumin and resveratrol
Many natural substances have been studied in recent past to be used as radioprotectors to mitigate ionizing radiation–induced damage in mammalian systems due to its effectiveness given both pre- and post-irradiation and for long time with out drug-related toxicity. Curcumin and trans-resveratrol are both natural occurring polyphenols, obtained from the root of Curcuma longa and from grapes and other berries, respectively. These compounds have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant and anti-carcinogenic properties. Our aim was to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy, in vitro, of curcumin and trans-resveratrol separately against radiation–induced chromosomal aberrations. The study was carried out by the pre-treatment of human blood lymphocytes at concentrations from 0 to 500 μg mL−1 and from 0 to 50 μg mL−1 for curcumin and trans-resveratrol, respectively.
The results showed that all concentrations tested reduced radiation–induced chromosomal damage. Maximum damage protection was observed at the concentration of 5 μg mL−1 for curcumin and 0.5 μg mL−1 for trans-resveratrol. Thus, our results show that curcumin and trans-resveratrol pre-treatment significantly protect normal lymphocytes against γ-radiation–induced cellular damage.
The radioprotective activity of Resveratrol—Metabolomic Point of View
Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol, is an intensively studied compound with widely documented positive effects on health. antioxidant activity is the property most often mentioned as responsible for its beneficial effects. Therefore, since the adverse effect of ionizing radiation is primarily related to the induction of oxidative stress, the question arises of whether the use of resveratrol could have a radioprotective effect. This paper summarizes the data on the cytoprotective activity of resveratrol and pieces of evidence for the potential interplay between response to radiation and resveratrol activity.
The paper focuses on changes in the metabolic profile of cells and organisms induced by ionizing radiation and exposure to resveratrol. The comparison of metabolic changes induced by both factors provides a rationale for the potential mechanism of the radioprotective effects of resveratrol.
In this study, we evaluated whether the protective potential of resveratrol (RSV; 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) against γ-radiation caused damages in peripheral blood lymphocyte of mice. Resveratrol as a polyphenolic compound scavenges free radicals. Various doses of RSV were administered intraperitoneally 2 hours to adult male mice before a single dose of whole-body γ-irradiation (2 Gy). To assess the protective ability of RSV, the alkaline comet assay in blood lymphocyte of mice was performed and the total comet score was evaluated.
The results of the alkaline comet assay showed that RSV significantly inhibited radiation–induced DNA damage. We observed that RSV protects blood lymphocyte against radiation–induced damage in mice.
RH-3 (a preparation of Hippophae rhamnoides)
Conclusion: free radical scavenging, acceleration of stem cell proliferation and immunostimulation are the radioprotective attributes, which require further investigations.
Recently Hippophae rhamnoides has been reported to render chromatin compaction and significantly inhibit radiation induced DNA strand breaks. To investigate the mechanism of action of RH-3, a preparation of Hippophae rhamnoides, in this connection, present study was undertaken. Chromatin compaction induced by RH-3 (100 μg/ml or more) was maximum at alkaline pH but was completely negated by acidic pH (< 6) or presence of free radical scavengers like glycerol, DMSO etc. In a concentration dependent manner, RH-3 inhibited the intercalation of ethidium ions from Et Br into calf thymus DNA and also increased the precipitation of DNA-protein cross-links (DPC) in thymocytes. Chromatin compaction caused by RH-3 treatment did not permit the separation of proteins from DNA even after treatment with 2 M NaCl solution. SDS-PAGE profiles also revealed that RH-3 in a dose dependent manner compacted the chromatin organization, induced DPC and inhibited the extraction of both histone and non-histone matrix proteins from chromatin maximally at 80 μg/ml.
More than 80 μg/ml of RH-3, though extracted low molecular weight histones but did not separate non-histone proteins. The RH-3 mediated DPCs were resistant even to 1% SDS, 4 M NaCl and 3.8 M hydroxyl amine hydrochloride but were prone to both urea (8 M) and guanidine hydrochloride (6 M) indicating covalent bonding between DNA and proteins (serine/threonine). RH-3 in a concentration dependent manner induced superoxide anions and the phenomenon was dependent upon nature of medium, presence of metal ions and pH. RH-3 at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml in presence of 50 μM copper sulfate inflicted significant damage to extraneously added 2-deoxyribose molecules and maximum TBARS were formed at a concentration of 100 μg/ml.
Higher concentrations of RH-3 more than 100 μg/ml quenched free radicals and inhibited 2-deoxyribose degradation. RH-3 also induced strand breaks in plasmid DNA at concentrations lower than 100 μg/ml but completely inhibited at concentrations higher than 250 μg/ml, indicating bimodal function. strand breaks induced by lower concentrations of RH-3 (up to 100 μg/ml) were inhibited by antioxidants like GSH, DFR etc. RH-3, in a concentration dependent mode also inhibited the relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA (PBR322) by topoisomerase I.
Induction of apoptosis in Thymocytes by Hippophae rhamnoides: Implications in radioprotection
Hippophae rhamnoides (RH-3), which has been recently reported to elicit dose-dependent pro- and antioxidant properties in vitro, induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes. In a concentration-dependent manner, RH-3 induced apoptosis in thymocytes in ex vivo conditions. The maximum effect was observed with 100 μg/mL of RH-3. Beyond this dose, the induction of apoptosis was inhibited, as seen on the ladder formation. However, apoptotic body formation, another indicator of apoptosis, was not manifested when various doses of RH-3 (20—200 μg/mL) were administered. RH-3 (>100 μg/mL) compacted chromatin in the form of densely stained masses, and subsequent treatment with proteinase-K loosened them and developed a halo around each mass. RH-3 treatment of cells that had already undergone apoptosis induced chromatin compaction, which made the ladder invisible. During in vivo experiments in mice, the radioprotective dose of RH-3 (30 mg/kg b.w.) induced significant DNA fragmentation in thymocytes studied spectrofluorimetrically. RH-3 treatment before irradiation in vivo enhanced radiation–induced apoptosis.
These results were confirmed by hypodiploid population studied flow-cytometrically and also by ladder formation. RH-3 treatment was prooxidative in nature because it depleted thiols and enhanced lipids peroxidation after 8 hours of treatment. The paradox between the prooxidant and the antioxidant effects of RH-3 in the context of its overall radioprotective efficacy has been explained.
The present study was aimed to understand the mode of action of alcoholic extract of whole berries of Hippophae rhamnoides (RH-3) which has already been reported to render more than 80% protection against radiation induced mortality in mice. Direct and indirect antioxidant action (free radical scavenging and metal chelating potential) were assayed using 2-deoxy ribose degradation and 2,2′-bipiridyl assays. effect of RH-3 on radiation and chemical oxidant mediated DNA damage was evaluated using single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and alkaline halo assay. Ability of RH-3 to bind with calf thymus DNA was assayed through change in melting temperature (Tm) while toxicity was assayed in thymocytes by trypan blue exclusion.
Rheum officinale Baill.
Oxidative stress caused by ionizing radiation is involved in neuronal damage in a number of disorders, including trauma, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ionizing radiation can lead to the formation of free radicals, which cause neuronal apoptosis and have important roles in the development of some types of chronic brain disease. The present study evaluated the effects of varying concentrations (2, 5 and 10 µg/ml) of ethanolic rhubarb extract on the neuronal damage caused by irradiation in primary neuronal cultures obtained from the cortices of rat embryos aged 20 days. Brain damage was induced with a single dose of γ‑irradiation that induced DNA fragmentation, increased lactate dehydrogenase release in neuronal cells and acted as a trigger for microglial cell proliferation. treatment with rhubarb extract significantly decreased radiation‑induced lactate dehydrogenase release and DNA fragmentation, which are important in the process of cell apoptosis. The rhubarb extract exhibited dose‑dependent inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase release and neuronal cell apoptosis that were induced by the administration of ionizing radiation.
The effect of a 10 µg/ml dose of rhubarb extract on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by radiation was also investigated. This dose led to significant inhibition of ROS generation. In conclusion, the present study showed a protective role of rhubarb extract against irradiation‑induced apoptotic neuronal cell death and ROS generation.
Resveratrol and cancer treatment: Updates
cancer, a growing health problem worldwide, affects millions of people every year. The overall survival rates of most cancers have been prolonged owing to the efforts of clinicians and scientists. However, some tumors develop resistance to chemoradiotherapeutic agents, and the cancer research community continues to search for effective sensitizers. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin, has shown promising effects in inhibiting proliferation and cancer progression in several tumor models. However, its molecular mechanisms and applications in chemotherapy and radiotherapy have yet to be fully determined. In this concise review, we highlight the role and related molecular mechanisms of resveratrol in cancer treatment.
In particular, we focus on the role of resveratrol in the tumor microenvironment and the sensitization of cancer cells for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Resveratrol shows promising efficacies in cancer treatment and may be applied in clinical therapy, but it requires further clinical study.
Conclusion: This suggests that the water extract of Da Huang exerts potential Anticancer activity through growth inhibition and apoptosis on MCF-7 and A549 cells lines.
Oxidative stress caused by ionizing radiation is involved in neuronal damage in a number of disorders, including trauma, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ionizing radiation can lead to the formation of free radicals, which cause neuronal apoptosis and have important roles in the development of some types of chronic brain disease. The present study evaluated the effects of varying concentrations (2, 5 and 10 µg/ml) of ethanolic rhubarb extract on the neuronal damage caused by irradiation in primary neuronal cultures obtained from the cortices of rat embryos aged 20 days. Brain damage was induced with a single dose of γ‑irradiation that induced DNA fragmentation, increased lactate dehydrogenase release in neuronal cells and acted as a trigger for microglial cell proliferation. treatment with rhubarb extract significantly decreased radiation‑induced lactate dehydrogenase release and DNA fragmentation, which are important in the process of cell apoptosis. The rhubarb extract exhibited dose‑dependent inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase release and neuronal cell apoptosis that were induced by the administration of ionizing radiation.
The effect of a 10 µg/ml dose of rhubarb extract on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by radiation was also investigated. This dose led to significant inhibition of ROS generation. In conclusion, the present study showed a protective role of rhubarb extract against irradiation‑induced apoptotic neuronal cell death and ROS generation.
Rhodiola Rosea
The protective effect of Rosavin from Rhodiola rosea on radiation‐induced Intestinal Injury
Bioactive constituents from Rhodiola rosea L. (RRL) exhibit multiple pharmacological effects on diverse diseases. However, whether they are suitable for the treatment of radiation–induced intestinal injury (RIII) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate their roles and mechanisms in the RIII rat model. The radioprotective effects of the four bioactive constituents of RRL (salidroside, herbacetin, rosavin and arbutin) were evaluated by the cell viability of irradiated IEC-6 cells. Intestinal tissues were collected for histological analysis, localized inflammation and oxidative stress assessments. Our work showed that salidroside, rosavin and arbutin improved the cell viability of the irradiated IEC-6 cells, with the highest improvement in 12.5 μM rosavin group.
The rosavin treatment significantly improved survival rate and intestinal damage in irradiated rats by modulating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Our work indicated that rosavin may be the optimal constituent of RRL for RIII treatment, providing an attractive candidate for radioprotection.
uvA can cause oxidative stress and photoaging of cells. We established a uvA–induced oxidative stress model of human fibroblasts and focused on the antioxidant and anti-photoaging ability of Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Rhodiola rosea. Compared with the unfermented Rhodiola rosea, Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Rhodiola rosea has better DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability, significantly reduces the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and improves the antioxidant level. Further studies have shown that the Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Rhodiola rosea can activate the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and up-regulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione Peptide peroxidase (GSH-Px), and protect fibroblasts from oxidative stress caused by uvA. On the other hand, Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Rhodiola rosea significantly reduces the activity of metalloproteinases in the cell, thereby increasing the collagen and elastin in the cell, alleviating the photoaging caused by uvA.
Finally, we concluded that the antioxidant capacity and anti-photoaging ability of Lactobacillus plantarum fermented Rhodiola rosea are better than that of unfermented Rhodiola rosea.
Rhodiola rosea L. is also called Golden root, Arctic root or Rose root. Its roots are act as adaptogens to help our body adapt to resist physical, chemical and environmental stress. Rhodiola rosea are rich in polyphenols, salidroside, tyrosol and other primary bioactive compounds. This review gives the information about the bioactivities it includes in anti-depressant, Anti-oxidant, Antifatique, Adaptogenic, Anticancer activities and its current and future medical applications.
rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.
The radioprotective effects of carnosic acid (CA), carnosol (COL), and rosmarinic acid (RO) against chromosomal damage induced by γ-rays, compared with those of l-ascorbic acid (AA) and the S-containing compound dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were determined by use of the micronucleus test for antimutagenic activity, evaluating the reduction in the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in cytokinesis-blocked cells of human lymphocytes before and after γ-ray irradiation. With treatment before γ-irradiation, the most effective compounds were, in order, CA > RO ≥ COL > AA > DMSO. The radioprotective effects (antimutagenic) with treatment after γ-irradiation were lower, and the most effective compounds were CA and COL. RO and AA presented small radioprotective activity, and the sulfur-containing compound DMSO lacked γ-ray radioprotection capacity. Therefore, CA and COL are the only compounds that showed a significant antimutagenic activity both before and after γ-irradiation treatments. These results are closely related to those reported by other authors on the antioxidant activity of the same compounds, and the degree of effectiveness depends on their structure.
Furthermore, the results for treatments before and after γ-ray irradiation suggest the existence of different radioprotective mechanisms in each case.
Conclusion: Rosemary essential oil as a natural and non-toxic compound could show favorable radioprotective effects in such a way that significantly increases the survival rate and decreases the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis of PBMCs.
antioxidant AND radioprotective FEATURES OF ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS) extracts
The protective effects of Mentha piperita leaf extract against radiation–induced damage in testis of Swiss albino mice have been studied. Animals (Male Swiss albino mice) were given M. piperita leaf extract orally (1 g/kg body weight/day) for three consecutive days before radiation exposure (8 Gy γ-radiation).
Mice were autopsied at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after irradiation to evaluate the radiomodulatory effect in terms of histological alterations, lipid peroxidation, and acid and alkaline phosphatases levels in testis. radiation treatment showed reduction in the testis weight during all days of observation, however, in the M. piperita leaf extract–pretreated irradiated group there was a significant increase in testis weight. radiation treatment induced moderate to severe testicular atrophy with
Dry rosemary leaf powder was subjected to 30 kGy of gamma ray irradiation, followed by solvent extraction with methanol, ethanol or water. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using the DPPH radical-scavenging method and the reducing power test. EC50 values, using the radical-scavenging method, indicate a 22% increase in the antioxidant activity of ethanol and water extracts as a result of irradiation treatment. EC50 values in the reducing power test show an increase of 45% and 28% for the ethanol and water extracts, respectively. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of irradiated rosemary remained the same as in the controls in both types of test. A high correlation was found between the EC50 values obtained in the DPPH radical test and those from the reducing power test. Total phenolic content (Folin–Denis test) increased by 35% in the water extracts as a result of irradiation but remained the same in the methanol and ethanol extracts.
The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and the highest amount of total phenolic compounds. radiation reduced the good correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content.
Rubia cordifolia L.
radioprotection by Rubia cordifolia: studies on mitochondrial membranes
oxidative stress is inevitable to living cells and induces several adverse effects in human ill health. Ionizing radiations are the major sources of ROS. Our present study was aimed to examine the radioprotective role of one popular ayurvedic herbal drug, Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) (Rc) against cellular damage. The results showed that aqueous extract of Rc ( ∼50 μg/ml) significantly prevented rat liver mitochondrial damage induced by ionizing radiation. Single strand breaks induced in plasmid pBR322 DNA following ionizing radiations was effectively prevented by Rc extract.
Based on several biochemical results as well as radical scavenging ability of the extract, it can be suggested that extract of Rc may have possible therapeutic applications in the prevention of radiation–induced cellular damage.
A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia Linn
Rubia cordifolia Linn. (manjishtha) is popularly known as ‘Indian Madder’. Roots are traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, astringent, tonic, antiseptic, deobstruent, antidysenteric, blood purifier. It is an important ingredient of many ayurvedic preparations. The roots are natural red dye and are very effective in purifying blood. Various chemical constituents like anthraquinones, iridoid glycoside, naphthoic acid esters, bicyclic hexapeptides, and triterpenes have been isolated and identified from Rubia cordifolia Linn. The present review article is focused on phytochemical, pharmacological and other important aspects of manjishtha.
A Review A Review on Pharmacognostic and therapeutic Uses of Rubia cordifolia
In today’s time research on plants has increased globally. There are thousands of plant species having good potential offering direct therapeutic effect individually or in combinations. Manjith a herbal drug also known as Indian madder with its botanical name Rubia cordifolia is an age old ethno-medicinal plant in India used as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, anti-bacterial, anti-androgenic, immune-modulator, hepato-protective, astringent, tonic, antiseptic, de-obstruent, anti-dysenteric and efficient blood purifier, hence is extensively used against blood, skin and urinary diseases. This study is aimed at assessing the scientific evaluation of desi Rubia cordifolia in the course of pharmacognostical analysis to identify its various parts and to differentiate it from various adulterants, which mainly covers the macroscopic and microscopic features and its medicinal properties which are due to its richness in phytoconstituents such as quinines (anthraquinones), glycosides, saponins, tanins, alkaloids, hexapeptides, triterpenoids, steroids, phenols, and saccharids.
Phytochemicals with radioprotection and radio-sensitizing potential
Ionizing radiation induces DNA damage and are harmful to mankind. They act through free radical generation, which target the double bonds of all cellular macromolecules. The radiation damage may be classified as probabilistic or deterministic, depending on the dose of radiation exposure. Since radiation affects multiple organs so those drugs which protect many organs, would be more beneficial. In this process herbal extracts, which are cocktail of several phyto-chemicals, would be more promising. Initially sulphur containing bio-molecules were identified as radio-protector, but now many secondary metabolites from plant kingdom, have been reported to be radio-protective. They have different mechanism of action, but most of them either prevent the FR induced DNA damage or accelerate the DNA repair process. Aminofostine, WR-2721, 159243, 2926 are some of the examples.
However they have limited use because of associated cytotoxicity. Eicosanoids, topoisornerase inhibitors (e.g. camptothecin, topotecan), and the hypoxia-activated anthraquinone AQ4N have shown radioprotecting potential. Several plant products, derived from Tulsi, Vinca alkaloids, taxans, turmeric, Rubia cordifolia, Semecarpus anacardium and several plants rich in polyphenols and flavones have shown hemotherapeutic potential. Similarly, Hippophae, rhodiola imbricata, Podophyllum hexandrum, Ocimum sancturn, Plumbago zeylanica etc have shown radioprotection. Rubia cordifolia has shown both chemotherapeutic and radioprotective property in rats and A-431 cells. Similarly Semecarpus anacardium extract has shown cell cycle arrest in DU-145 cells.
Saussurea involucrata
Conclusion: In this review, we have documented the existing traditional uses of S. involucrata and summarized recent research into the phytochemistry and pharmacology of S. involucrata. Many of the traditional uses have been validated by phytochemical and modern pharmacological studies but there are still some areas where the current knowledge could be improved. Although studies have confirmed that S. involucrata has a broad range of bioactivities, further in-depth studies on the exact bioactive molecules and the mechanism of action are expected. Whether we should use this herb independently or in combination deserves to be clarified. The exact quality control as well as the toxicology studies is necessary to guarantee the stability and safety of the clinic use. The sustainable use of this endangered resource was also addressed.
In conclusion, this review was anticipated to highlight the importance of S. involucrata and provides some directions for the future development of this plant.
Saussurea involucrata grows in high mountain areas covered by snow throughout the year. The temperature of this habitat can change drastically in one day. To gain a better understanding of the cold response signaling pathways and molecular metabolic reactions involved in cold stress tolerance, genome-wide transcriptional analyses were performed using RNA-Seq technologies. A total of 199,758 transcripts were assembled, producing 138,540 unigenes with 46.8 Gb clean data. Overall, 184,416 (92.32%) transcripts were successfully annotated. The 365 transcription factors identified (292 unigenes) belonged to 49 transcription factor families associated with cold stress responses. A total of 343 transcripts on the signal transduction (132 upregulated and 212 downregulated in at least any one of the conditions) were strongly affected by cold temperature, such as the CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (CIPKs), receptor-like protein kinases, and protein kinases. The circadian rhythm pathway was activated by cold adaptation, which was necessary to endure the severe temperature changes within a day. There were 346 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to transport, of which 138 were upregulated and 22 were downregulated in at least any one of the conditions. Under cold stress conditions, transcriptional regulation, molecular transport, and signal transduction were involved in the adaptation to low temperature in S. involucrata.
These findings contribute to our understanding of the adaptation of plants to harsh environments and the survival traits of S. involucrata. In addition, the present study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of chilling and freezing tolerance.
Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death of men in the United States. To date, no effective therapeutic treatment allows abrogation of the progression of prostate cancer to more invasive forms. In this study, we identified Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir., a rare traditional Chinese medicinal herb, as a potential agent for androgen-independent prostate cancer patients and investigated its biological mechanism as an antineoplastic agent. S. involucrata caused a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in human hormone-resistant prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Moreover, in vitro studies in a panel of several types of human cancer cell lines revealed that S. involucrata inhibited cell proliferation with high potency. To evaluate the bioactive compounds, we successively extracted the S. involucrata with fractions of methanol (SI-1), ethyl acetate (SI-2), n-butanol (SI-3), and water (SI-4). Among these extracts, SI-2 contains the most effective bioactivity. SI-2 treatment resulted in significant time-dependent growth inhibition together with G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PC3 cells. In addition, SI-2 treatment strongly induced p21WAF1/CIP and p27KIP1 expression, independent of the p53 pathway, and downregulated expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). SI-2 treatment increased levels of Bax, cytochrome c, activated caspase-3, and active caspase-9 and decreased Bcl-2 expression level.
One of the major targets for the therapy in prostate cancer can be epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). SI-2 markedly reduced phosphorylation of EGFR and inhibited activation of AKT and STAT3. Moreover, p.o. administration of SI-2 induced a dose-dependent inhibition of PC-3 tumor growth in vivo. In summary, our study identifies S. involucrata as an effective inhibitor of EGFR signaling in human hormone-resistant prostate cancer PC-3 cells. We suggest that S. involucrata could be developed as an agent for the management of EGFR-positive human cancers.
Saussurea involucrata,a traditional Chinese medicinal material,is effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cold-dampness blockage syndrome,cold pain in lower abdomen,and menstrual irregularities. However, due to the specific habitat, low natural reproduction rate, slow growth, and overexploitation, it is at the high risk of extinction. S. involucrata cells can be obtained through callus culture,suspension culture,and hairy root culture. This study highlighted the influences of reactor type,culture system,precursor,elicitor type, and light wavelength on the suspension culture of S. involucrate cells. The chemical components of S. involucrata cells mainly include phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignans, and steroids, among which phenylpropanoids are the most abundant. S. involucrata cells have multiple pharmacological activities of anti-inflammation, analgesia, activating blood and resolving stasis, immunoregulation, increasing bone density, lowering blood lipids, anti-hypoxia, anti-exercise fatigue, anti-radiation, anti-obesity and anti-oxidation.
Moreover,it has the potential of treating aplastic anemia. This study reviews the cell culture technologies, chemical components, and pharmacological activities of S. involucrata cells, laying a basis for the further research, development, and utilization.
Saussurea involucrata (Asteraceae) is a medicinal and second-degree national priority endangered plant that is mainly distributed in the high latitude region of the western Tianshan Mountains. The population is fragmented and isolated, and extensive human impact merits a suitable and specific conservation strategy, which can be compiled based on the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history. Phylogeographic studies were conducted on a total of five natural populations and 150 individuals were sampled. Data from three cpDNA intergenic spacer regions (trnL-F, matK, and ndhF-rpl32) and nrDNA ITS sequences showed that twelve haplotypes in cpDNA and five haplotypes in nrDNA indicated high genetic diversity among populations sampled (H T = 0.820 and 0.756) and within populations sampled (H S = 0.792 and 0.721). Additionally, the high genetic diversity did not mirror genetic structure in either cpDNA (F ST = 0.03153, G ST > N ST, p < 0.05) or nrDNA (F ST = 0.03666, meaningless G ST and N ST). Two groups (north and south) were determined for a SAMOVA analysis. Based on this analysis, the demographic history was conducted with a Bayesian Skyline Plot and Isolation with Migration analysis, which showed sustainable and stable extension without a marked bottleneck.
Divergence time was indicated at c. 6.25 Mya (90%HPD: 15.30–0.22 Mya) in the Miocene, which is consistent with the formation of the Kelasu section of Tianshan. The southern populations in the Bayanbulak and Gonglu regions require additional attention and transplanting would be an effective way to restore rare cpDNA haplotypes, increase effective population size, and migration rate.
Our results suggested that in situ conservation of S. involucrata in western Tianshan should be the main strategy for protection and recovery of the species.
Scallop polypeptide
effect of scallop extract on repair of radiation damage
Conclusion: The combination of 192Ir-irradiation and scallop extract can enhance anti-oxidation ability and immunological function of tumor-bearing mice in radiotherapy and promote repair of radiation damage
sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit
Oxidative stress and oxidative photodamage induced by uv radiation can cause serious skin damage that is characterized by wrinkling, roughness, laxity and pigmentation. The effects of a sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit blend (SFB) containing sea buckthorn fruit extract, blueberry extract and collagen on uv–induced skin aging were examined by treating hairless mice for 6 weeks with uv irradiation and SFB administered orally. The effects of SFB were measured in the skin of these mice by phenotypical and histological analysis and western blotting. According to wrinkle formation analysis, the oral intake of SFB induced a decrease in wrinkle formation in the damaged skin of uv–irradiated mice. The thickness of the epidermis and dermis in the vitamin extracts (Vit)- and SFB-treated group was lower than that in the vehicle-treated group, but the group treated with SFB50 was the most effective group. The mice treated with the Vit- or SFB solution maintained a normal moisture content through the inhibition of transdermal water loss (TEWL) and an increase in skin moisture content.
Furthermore, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and collagen protein expression were assessed in five groups to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of SFB oral intake. The application of SFB induced a decrease in MMP-1 and -9 expression to the levels observed in the vehicle-treated group, but MMP-9 expression showed a much larger decrease than MMP-1. Furthermore, the expression of collagen-1 in the skin corresponded to MMP expression except for the SFB30-treated group, whereas the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased dramatically in the SFB50-treated group. These results suggest that SFB has potential as a protective and therapeutic drug candidate against skin aging that functions by regulating the moisture content, MMP expression levels and SOD activity.
The whole extract of the fresh berries of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (RH−3), which has been reported to provide protection to whole mice, various tissues, cells and cell organelles against lethal irradiation, was further investigated for its effects on mitochondria isolated from mouse liver. Superoxide anion, reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex I/II), succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex II/III), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipid peroxidation (LPx) and protein oxidation (PO) were determined for RH-3-mediated radioprotective manifestation. Pre-irradiation treatment of mice with RH-3 (30 mg kg−1, i.p.; single dose; −30 min) significantly inhibited the radiation–induced increase in superoxide anions, GSSG, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), complex I, complex I/III activity and MMP maximally at 4 h (P < 0.05).
This treatment inhibited the oxidation of proteins (P < 0.05) at all the time periods studied here. This study suggests that pre-irradiation treatment of mice with RH-3 protects the functional integrity of mitochondria from radiation–induced oxidative stress.
Hippophae rhamnoides or seabuckthorn is used extensively in Indian and Tibetan traditional medicine for the treatment of circulatory disorders, ischemic heart disease, hepatic injury, and neoplasia. In the present study, we have evaluated the radioprotective potential of REC-1001, a fraction isolated from the berries of H. rhamnoides. Chemical analysis of the extract indicated that REC-1001 was ∼68% by weight polyphenols, and contained kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and quercetin. The effect of REC-1001 on modulating radiation–induced DNA damage was determined in murine thymocytes by measuring nonspecific nuclear DNA damage at the whole genome level using the alkaline halo assay and by measuring sequence/gene-specific DNA damage both in nuclear DNA (β-globin gene) and in mitochondrial DNA using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. treatment with 10 Gy resulted in a significant amount of DNA damage in the halo assay and reductions in the amplification of both the β-globin gene and mitochondrial DNA. REC-1001 dose-dependently reduced the amount of damage detected in each assay, with the maximum protective effects observed at the highest REC-1001 dose evaluated (250 μg/ml). Studies measuring the nicking of naked plasmid DNA further established the radioprotective effect of REC-1001. To elucidate possible mechanisms of action, the antioxidant properties and the free-radical scavenging activities of REC-1001 were evaluated. REC-1001 dose-dependently scavenged radiation–induced hydroxyl radicals, chemically-generated superoxide anions, stabilized DPPH radicals, and reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+. The results of the study indicate that the REC-1001 extract of H. rhamnoides protects mitochondrial and genomic DNA from radiation–induced damage.
The polyphenols/flavonoids present in the extract might be responsible for the free radical scavenging and DNA protection afforded by REC-1001.
Semen Coicis extract
Conclusion: Red Ginseng could promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in vitro. Red Ginseng and, to a lesser extent Semen Coicis, gave positive results in an experimental in vivo model for ulcerative colitis.
Conclusion: The bloodletting therapy at Jing-well points and semen coicis alleviate apparently nerve function defect, improve the motor function of the affected limbs and achieve the better efficacy.
The analgesic effect of Semen Coicis was observed with the sequential trial in 26 cases of severe functional dysmenorrhea. The results showed that the markedly effective rate was 90%, which was much better than that of the control group treated by indomethacin plus subcutaneous injection of atropine (P < or = 0.01).
effects of Coicis Semen on the immune responses in the mouse
Coicis Semen is one of the oriental medicine that has been used for the treatment of the diseases such as pulmonary abscess, periappendicular abscess and wart since ancient times. However, the mechanism of the action of the drug is not well studied. This study was done to investigate the effects of Coicis Semen on the host defence mechanism. effects of Coicis Semen on the immune responses were analysed by measuring the contact hypersensitivity, hemagglutinin, hemolysin and rosette formation, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen intermidiates production. As the results, water extract of Coicis Semen administration enhanced the antibodies (hemagglutinin and hemolysin) formation and the appearance of rosette forming cells of the spleen. Also Coicis Semen increased the allogeneic immune response in the mouse, showed cytotoxic activity against human leukemia cell line(K562) and decreased the contact hypersensitivity against dinitroflurobenzene. Also administration of Coicis Senlen slightly increased NK cell activity and enhanced the production of such reactive oxygen intermediates as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from the macrophages in vivo and in vitro.
The above results demonstrate that Coicis Semen has enhancing effects on cellular and humoral immune responses against disease.
effects of Coicis Semen on the hyperlipidemia in rat
Conclusion: The water-extracts prepared from polished rice had an inhibition effects on the body weight gains of the corpulent rats induced by a high cholesterol diet. In addition, the methanol-extrats prepared from the bran layer and unpolished rice of Job’s Tears decreased the levels of blood total cholesterol, and the methanol-extrats and the water-extrats of all samples decreased the levels of blood triglyceride. The results suggested that Job’s Tears had some materials useful for alleviating the hyperlipidemia.
This study established the following groups of rats: a normal group, a sham surgery group, a spinal cord injury model group, a low-frequency electroacupuncture group, a high-frequency electroacupuncture group and a semen coicis group. In all but the normal and sham surgery groups, the left half of T10 was transected. Four hours after model induction, 5-Hz and 100-Hz electroacupuncture were used to stimulate the acupoints Huantiao (GB 30), Zusanli (ST 36), Zhiyang (DU 9) and Xuanshu (DU 5), or crude extract from semen coicis was intraperitoneally injected, for 8 consecutive weeks.
The results indicated that electroacupuncture stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of semen coicis improved the morphology of spinal cord tissue, promoted the recovery of motion-evoked potentials, suppressed glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, and ameliorated motor function in rats with hemisection spinal cord injury. The effects of high-frequency (100 Hz) electroacupuncture and semen coicis were significant.
Semen Sesami Nigrum extract
medicinal food homology is referring to a group of food itself being considered as herbal medicine without a boundary of usage. Under the guidance of this food/medicine principle, the current study aims to develop anti-depressant from this food/medicine catalog. The herbal mixture of Sesami Semen Nigrum and Longan Arillus was evaluated in cultured PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells, rat primary cortical neurons, and in chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depressive rat model. The combination of two ethanolic extracts of Sesami Semen Nigrum and Longan Arillus in 1 : 1 ratio mimicked the function of nerve growth factor (NGF) and synergistically induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Besides, the expression and phosphorylation of tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) of the cultured cells were also elevated. This neurotrophic activity of herbal mixture was further supported by the increased expressions of biomarkers for neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in cortical neurons. Moreover, the depressed rats were soothed by the intake of herbal mixture, showing improved performance in behavior tests, as well as reversed levels of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors.
Our results provide a new way to make full use of the current food/medicine resources, as to accelerate the development of therapeutics for depression.
The antioxidant activity of sesami semen nigrum on Leydig TM3 cells
Conclusion: In conclusion, Sesami Semen Nigrum extract has antioxidant activities in Leydig cells against oxidative stress.
sesamol
Sesamol pretreated (1, 5 and 10 μg/ml) lymphocytes were exposed to different doses of γ-radiation, i.e., 1, 2 and 4 Gray (Gy) and the cellular changes were estimated by using cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay (MN), dicentric aberration (DC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). radiation significantly increased MN, DC frequencies, TBARS levels and decreased GSH and antioxidant enzyme levels in a dose dependent manner.
The highest damage to lymphocytes was observed at 4 Gy irradiation. On the other hand, sesamol pretreatment significantly decreased MN, DC frequencies, TBARS levels and increased GSH levels and SOD, CAT and GPx activities in a concentration dependent manner. At 1 Gy irradiation all concentrations of sesamol (1, 5 and 10 μg/ml) significantly protects the lymphocytes from radiation damage. At 2 Gy irradiation 5 and 10 μg/ml of sesamol shows significant radioprotection. Since the highest damage was observed at 4 Gy irradiation both 1 and 5 μg/ml of sesamol pretreatment were not sufficient to protect the lymphocytes from radiation damage but 10 μg/ml of sesamol significantly (p < 0.05) protects the lymphocytes from radiation effect. Thus, sesamol pretreatment gives significant protection to cultured human lymphocytes against γ-radiation induced cellular damage. The possible mechanism involved in the radioprotective influence of sesamol is discussed.
Sesamol as a potential radioprotective Agent: In Vitro Studies
protection against radiation–induced DNA strand breaks is an important aspect in the design and development of a radioprotector. In this study, the radioprotective efficacy of sesamol, a natural antioxidant, was investigated in aqueous solution of plasmid DNA (pBR322) and compared with that of melatonin, a known antioxidant-based radioprotector. Thermal denaturation studies on irradiated calf thymus DNA were also carried out with sesamol and melatonin. Sesamol demonstrated greater radioprotective efficacy in both plasmid DNA and calf thymus DNA. To assess the radical scavenging capacity of sesamol and melatonin, 2-deoxyribose degradation, DPPH and ABTS assays were performed.
Sesamol exhibited more scavenging capacity compared to melatonin. In vitro studies with V79 cells showed that sesamol is 20 times more potent than melatonin. It is proposed that the greater radioprotective efficacy of sesamol could be due to its greater capacity for scavenging of free radicals compared to melatonin. The results will be helpful in understanding the mechanisms and development of sesamol as a radioprotector.
Conclusion: Sesamol as a radioprotector can reduce the effects of gamma irradiation on mice bone marrow and blood cells. The daily oral consumption of this extract is more effective in comparison with the single consumption before irradiation.
Experiments were carried to understand the influence of sesamol on the γ-radiation induced micronuclei and dicentrics in human lymphocytes. The results have revealed that, there is significant decrease of γ-radiation induced cytogenetic effects and thus it can be opined that sesamol is a chromosomal protector
radioprotective effect of the Sesamol on radiation Upregulated immune Response in C57BL/6 Mice.
Inflammatory response of the immune system protected body against several harmful stimuli in normal conditions. exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation may lead to a massive cell damage, which can cause long-term immune responses as well as persistent inflammatory status with deregulation of cytokines production.Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory role of sesamol, a nutritional phenolic antioxidant compound enriched in sesame seeds, against radiation induce immune dysregulation in murine model.Sesamol was orally administered (100 mg/kg body wt) to C57Bl/6 mice 30min prior to exposing them to a single dose of 7.5 Gy Co<sup>60</sup> irradiation and mice was sacrificed after 24 hrs of irradiation. Sesamol significantly reduced the radiation induced inflammatory response by DNA damage, apoptosis in haematopoietic organ and enhance the spleen and thymus index.
Sesamol also prevented the increase of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB), IL-6 and enhance the antioxidant level by MnSOD in gastrointestinal. It was observed that exposure to radiation result in depletion of stem cell in bone marrow. However, sesamol treatment prior to irradiation increase the proliferation and differentiation of the stem cell. Thus, pre-treatment with sesamol has potential to protection against radiation induced inflammation.
Hematopoietic system is most sensitive to radiation exposure, its protection and recovery is very critical for survival and quality of life after radiation exposure. antioxidants have strong capacity to reduce free radicals and have multiple roles in recovery of radiation induced damages in different organs. The objective of the present study was to investigate radioprotective effects of melatonin and sesamol in hematopoietic system of whole body irradiated C57BL/6 mice at therapeutic dose of 2 Gy. Male 7-8 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered intra-peritoneal with melatonin/sesamol (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) 30 minutes prior to whole body γ-irradiation (2 Gy at dose rate 1 Gy/min) using Cobalt Teletherapy Unit Bhabhatron-II (Panacea Biotech Pvt. Ltd, India). control (untreated mice), radiation, melatonin alone, sesamol alone and melatonin/sesamol plus radiation groups were sacrificed 24 hours post irradiation. The spleen and bone marrow were extracted and processed for relative organ weight, smears preparation (for micronuclei analysis). The relative spleen weight was observed and expressed in the ratio of weight of spleen (mg) and body weight of mice (gms).
Relative spleen weight of radiation groups decreased significantly to control group (p<0.01); melatonin/sesamol (20 mg/kg body weight) plus radiation groups recovered the relative spleen weight (p<0.05). The micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (mnPCE) were scored in minimum 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) under 100X objective for micronuclei assay in bone marrow cells. Normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were also scored along with PCE to calculate the PCE/NCE ratio. The results have shown significant increase in frequency of mnPCE (p<0.05) in radiation alone group compared to control; whereas melatonin (20 mg/kg body weight) plus radiation decreased the mnPCE frequency (p<0.05). Further studies for MnPCE in bone marrow of sesamol groups are in progress.
The results will have strong implications in developing melatonin and sesamol as radiation countermeasure agents for protecting hematopoietic system.
Radioprotectors are agents which reduce the radiation effects on cell when applied prior to exposure of radiation. In our earlier studies, we have demonstrated that sesamol protected DNA (plasmid and calf thymus) and V79 cells from radiation induced cell death and the effect was higher (DMF=2) in comparison to melatonin (DMF=1.3). This prompted us to study, sesamol mediated radioprotection in detail to understand the mechanism of action. We have chosen human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells to understand the mechanism of radioprotection. The HEK cells were treated with sesamol before exposure of g rays (60Co teletherapy, Bhabhatron II) in the radiation dose range 0-7 Gy for clonogenic survival. Toxicity, antioxidant enzyme activity other biochemical assays were performed. Flow cytometric analysis (FACS Calibre, BD, USA) was used to determine the apoptotic population and mitochondrial membrane potential (Rh 123, JC-1). ROS was determined using DCFHDA. cell cycle analysis, caspase 3 activity and cytochrome C were also measured. results suggested that sesamol protected HEK cells from cell death.
The dose modifying factor for sesamol was 1.3, whereas the alpha protection factor was 2. Sesamol inhibited radiation induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase; ROS generation and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activity. Sesamol inhibited damage of critical cellular components (protein, lipids, membrane and amino acid) and maintained the redox status of cells. The results will be helpful in understanding the mechanistic aspects and development of sesamol based radioprotector.
silk cocoon extract
Topical delivery of potent antioxidants maintain the redox balance of the skin, which leads to the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and prevents uv radiation–induced photoaging. In this study, we aimed at investigating the inhibitory role of silk cocoon extract (SCE) isolated from the Antheraea assamensis (AA), Bombyx mori (BM), and Philosamia ricini (PR) silk varieties against uv radiation–induced MMP expression. Incubation of elastase and hyaluronidase with Antheraea assamensis silk cocoon extract (AASCE) caused 50% inhibition of activity. The assessment of total collagen content using the Sirius red assay showed that AASCE (10 μg mL−1) and Philosamia ricini silk cocoon extract (PRSCE at 100 μg mL−1 concentration) post-treatment significantly enhanced the total collagen content in uvA1 and UVB irradiated HDF cells, whereas BM silk cocoon extract (BMSCE at 100 μg mL−1 concentration) post-treatment significantly enhanced the total collagen content in uvA1-irradiated HDF cells. Gene expression studies revealed AASCE and PRSCE post-treatment downregulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, MMP-1 and upregulated procollagen genes in uv irradiated HDF cells. Gelatin zymography studies with AASCE post-treatment downregulated the release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by HaCaT cells.
The overall results validate AASCE efficiently shielding uv radiation–induced collagen and elastin degradation by downregulation of MMP expression, substantiating its further use as a potent antioxidant complement in skin care formulations.
In this work, 3D hierarchical carbonized silk cocoon-Co-graphene composite possesses combined advantages of lightweight, porous, nitrogen-doped and environmentally friendly is prepared with silk cocoon as the precursor of biomass carbon, Co nanoparticles as a sandwich layer and graphene as outer layer via a facile soaking and carbonization method. The carbonized natural silk cocoon possesses the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 27 dB in 12.4–18 GHz (Ku band), and it is enhanced to 55 dB in 18 GHz with the presence of graphene and Co nanoparticles. The carbonized silk cocoon and the synthesized carbonized silk cocoon-Co-graphene (15.79 wt% of Co nanoparticles) not only show the superior electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, but has the outstanding specific shielding effectiveness of 2322 dB cm3/g and 664 dB cm3/g, respectively, both higher than the value of previous other shielding materials. Therefore, it exhibits great potential for the application in electromagnetic interference shielding materials.
Sodium alginate
In this study, the effects of the molecular weight and ratio of guluronic acid (G) to mannuronic acid (M), G/M, of some sodium alginate (NaAlg) fractions on their antioxidative properties were investigated. Low-molecular-weight-fractions with various G/M were prepared by gamma radiation–induced degradation of NaAlg. Change in their molecular weight was monitored. antioxidant properties of the fractions with various molecular weight and G/M were evaluated by determining the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPHradical dot). 50% inhibition concentrations of the 50 kGy-irradiated NaAlgs having molecular weights of 20.5, 17.7, and 16.0 kDa were found to be 11.0, 18.0, and 24.0 mg/ml, respectively, whereas the fractions of the same molecular weight with a lower G/M exhibited a better DPPHradical dot scavenging activity. The results demonstrated that its molecular weight and G/M were important factors in controlling the antioxidant properties of NaAlg.
Sodium alginate/chitosan/hydroxyapatite (SA/CS/HAP) nanocomposite hydrogel containing different amounts, 0.6, 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 % wt/v, of HAP was synthesized using gamma radiation as cross-linker to be utilized for oral delivery drug. The nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X- ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The efficiency of nanocomposite hydrogel samples as a drug delivery system was examined where doxorubicin (DOX)—an Anticancer drug for liver cancer—was chosen as a model drug. The in vitro drug release behavior of DOX from the nanocomposite was studied at pH 7.4 and pH 5 within 24 h at 37 °C. Based on the diffusion as well as the drug release behavior, the mechanism of the drug release from the nanocomposite has been described. The effect of initial feed concentration of drug as well as the % of HAP on drug release was also studied.
The results showed that, drug release is pH sensitive and samples showed higher release at pH 5.
Conclusion: Sodium alginate did not show a significant preventative effect on radiation–induced severe esophagitis in patients with NSCLC. However, its early use resulted in a lower rate of FN onset induced by CRT, suggesting that esophageal mucosal protection by sodium alginate may suppress FN.
Radiomodification is one of the most available and repeatable methods of amplification of the tumor damage in radiotherapy. The application of 5 FU hydrogel tissues for colorectal and breast cancer patients enables to complete the surgery, increase performance of radiation treatment, reduce the relapse frequency.
Styela clava tunics
ultraviolet (uv) radiation is considered a primary cause of skin damage, which is characterized by deep wrinkles, roughness, laxity and pigmentation through oxidative stress and oxidative photodamage. To examine the therapeutic effects of ethanol extract of Styela clava tunics (EtSCT) on uv radiation–induced skin aging in hairless mice, alterations in skin phenotype, histological structures, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative conditions and toxicity were investigated during 13 weeks of uv irradiation and topical application of EtSCT. EtSCT showed high reducing power (3.1%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (92.7%) and NO scavenging activity (15.6%) due to its high total flavonoids (15.3 mg/ml) and total phenolics (36.8 mg/ml). The topical application of EtSCT suppressed photoaging of the skin of uv–irradiated mice, and this was demonstrated by the inhibition of wrinkle formation, the suppression of the erythema index as well as the prevention of transepidermal water loss.
Additionally, the epidermal thickness and adipocytes number were recovered to a similar level as that in the no radiation group in the uv + EtSCT‑treated groups compared with the uv + vehicle‑treated group, and the expression of collagen I increased. The attenuation of mitogen‑activated protein kinase and ER stress signaling pathways activated by reactive oxygen species was also detected in the uv + EtSCT‑treated group. Inflammatory responses including the infiltration of mast cells, CD31 expression and interleukin-6 secretion were significantly lower in the uv + EtSCT-treated groups. Moreover, the concentration of malondialdehyde was reduced and the activity of superoxide dismutase was effectively recovered in the uv + EtSCT-treated groups compared with that in the vehicle-treated groups. Liver and kidney toxicity factors were maintained at a constant level.
These results suggest that EtSCT has the potential for use as therapeutic drug which protects against skin aging by regulating the skin morphology, histopathological structures, ER stress, inflammation and oxidative conditions.
antioxidant and Anticancer activities of enzymatic hydrolysates of solitary tunicate (Styela clava)
The antioxidant and Anticancer activities of solitary tunicate (Styela clava) hydrolysate manufactured with different proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L FG, Thermoase PC10F, and pepsin) and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) were investigated. The hydrolysate produced by Alcalase generally had greater antioxidant and Anticancer activities. Two major fractions, F1 and F2, were produced by applying Alcalase hydrolysates to Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration chromatography. Fraction F2 with a lower molecular weight (3.6±0.1 kDa) had higher ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities than F1 (5.0±1.0 kDa), with IC50 values of 11.4 and 227.5 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, fraction F2 had higher Anticancer activitiy, with IC50 values of 577.1, 1,163.3, and 887.2 μg/mL against AGS, DLD-1, and HeLa cells, respectively. Fraction F2 was also rich in tyrosine, lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, and histidine.
These results suggest that solitary tunicate hydrolysates have significant health-promoting effects with excellent antioxidant and Anticancer activities.
The aim of this study was to assess the total radical trapping antioxidant potential and antigenotoxic effects by comet assay of ethanol extracts of stalked sea squirt, Styela clava, (tunic, substrate, and whole). All extracts of stalked sea squirt effectively scavenged ABTS· + in a dose dependent manner. pretreatment with each extract of stalked sea squirt produced significant reductions in oxidative DNA damage at concentrations of 1–50 μg/mL, with whole extract of stalked sea squirt showing higher inhibition (16.1 μg/mL) of H2O2 induced DNA damage than substrate or tunic extracts based on ED50 values. The addition of 50 μg/mL of stalked sea squirt extracts to human leukocytes after oxidative stimulus (200 μM H2O2) for 5 min positively influences the kinetics of DNA repair during 24 hr of incubation.
These results indicate that the ethanol extracts of tunic, substrate, and whole stalked sea squirt have significant antioxidant activities that protect against oxidative DNA damage and improve DNA repair capacity.
Sulforaphane
Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by uv radiation
uv radiation (uvR) is a complete carcinogen that elicits a constellation of pathological events, including direct DNA damage, generation of reactive oxidants that peroxidize lipids and damage other cellular components, initiation of inflammation, and suppression of the immune response. Recent dramatic increases in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers are largely attributable to higher exposure of an aging population to uvR. Therefore, the development of cellular strategies for intrinsic protection of the skin against the deleterious effects of uvR is imperative. Here we show that erythema resulting from uvR is a comprehensive and noninvasive biomarker for assessing uvR damage and can be precisely and easily quantified in human skin.
Topical application of sulforaphane-rich extracts of 3-day-old broccoli sprouts up-regulated phase 2 enzymes in the mouse and human skin, protected against uvR-induced inflammation and edema in mice, and reduced susceptibility to erythema arising from narrow-band 311-nm uvR in humans. In six human subjects (three males and three females, 28–53 years of age), the mean reduction in erythema across six doses of uvR (300–800 mJ/cm2 in 100 mJ/cm2 increments) was 37.7% (range 8.37–78.1%; P = 0.025). This protection against a carcinogen in humans is catalytic and long lasting.
Repeated Nrf2 stimulation using sulforaphane protects fibroblasts from ionizing radiation
Most of the cytotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation is mediated by radical-induced DNA double-strand breaks. cellular protection from free radicals can be stimulated several fold by sulforaphane-mediated activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 that regulates more than 50 genes involved in the detoxification of reactive substances and radicals. Here, we report that repeated sulforaphane treatment increases radioresistance in primary human skin fibroblasts. cells were either treated with sulforaphane for four hours once or with four-hour treatments repeatedly for three consecutive days prior to radiation exposure. Fibroblasts exposed to repeated-sulforaphane treatment showed a more pronounced dose-dependent induction of Nrf2-regulated mRNA and reduced amount of radiation–induced free radicals compared with cells treated once with sulforaphane. In addition, radiation– induced DNA double-strand breaks measured by gamma-H2AX foci were attenuated following repeated sulforaphane treatment.
As a result, cellular protection from ionizing radiation measured by the 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay was increased, specifically in cells exposed to repeated sulforaphane treatment. Sulforaphane treatment was unable to protect Nrf2 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, indicating that the sulforaphane-induced radioprotection was Nrf2-dependent. Moreover, radioprotection by repeated sulforaphane treatment was dose-dependent with an optimal effect at 10 uM, whereas both lower and higher concentrations resulted in lower levels of radioprotection. Our data indicate that the Nrf2 system can be trained to provide further protection from radical damage.
Sulforaphane mitigates genotoxicity induced by radiation and Anticancer drugs in human lymphocytes
Sulforaphane, present in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, is a dietary Anticancer agent. Sulforaphane, added 2 or 20 h following phytohemaglutinin stimulation to cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals accidentally exposed to mixed γ and β-radiation, reduced the micronucleus frequency by up to 70%. Studies with whole blood cultures obtained from healthy volunteers confirmed the ability of sulforaphane to ameliorate γ–radiation–induced genotoxicity and to reduce micronucleus induction by other DNA-damaging Anticancer agents, such as bleomycin and doxorubicin.
This reduction in genotoxicity in lymphocytes treated at the G0 or G1 stage suggests a role for sulforaphane in modulating DNA repair. Sulforaphane also countered the radiation–induced increase in lymphocyte HDAC activity, to control levels, when cells were treated 2 h after exposure, and enhanced histone H4 acetylation status. Sulforaphane post-irradiation treatment enhanced the CD 34+Lin− cell population in culture. Sulforaphane has therapeutic potential for management of the late effects of radiation.
This article mainly observed the protective effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on radiation–induced skin injury (RISI). In addition, we will discuss the mechanism of SFN’s protection on RISI. The RISI model was established by the irradiation of the left thigh under intravenous anesthesia. Thirty-two C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into control group (CON), SFN group, irradiation (IR) group, and IR plus SFN (IR/SFN) group. At eight weeks after irradiation, the morphological changes of mouse skin tissues were detected by H&E staining. Then, the oxidative stress and inflammatory response indexes in mouse skin tissues, as well as the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes, were evaluated by ELISA, real-time PCR, and Western blotting. The H&E staining showed the hyperplasia of fibrous tissue in the mouse dermis and hypodermis of the IR group. Western blotting and ELISA results showed that the inflammasome of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β, as well as oxidative stress damage indicators ROS, 4-HNE, and 3-NT, in the skin tissues of mice in the IR group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). However, the above pathological changes declined sharply after SFN treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, the expressions of Nrf2 and its regulated antioxidant enzymes, including CAT and HO-1, were higher in the skin tissues of SFN and IR/SFN groups, but lower in the control and IR groups (p < 0.05). SFN may be able to suppress the oxidative stress by upregulating the expression and function of Nrf2, and subsequently inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and DNA damage, so as to prevent and alleviate the RISI.
The multifaceted role of sulforaphane in protection against uv radiation-mediated skin damage
ultraviolet radiation (uvR), the most abundant carcinogen in our environment, is the major factor in the etiology of skin damage and photocarcinogenesis. Common preventive measures, such as sunscreens and general sun avoidance, are not sufficiently effective, and skin cancer is the most common human cancer.
Furthermore, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are among the most highly mutated human malignancies, carrying 1 mutation per ~30,000 bp of coding sequence. Such extraordinary mutation highlights the need for agents capable of affecting multiple hallmarks of cancer. uvR causes direct DNA damage, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, and immunosuppression. These deleterious biological insults are counteracted by an elaborate network of cellular defense mechanisms. The isothiocyanate sulforaphane is a potent inducer of these defenses, which include cytoprotective antioxidant and antiinflammatory enzymes and glutathione. Sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts, administered either topically or in the diet, protect SKH-1 hairless mice against uvRmediated skin damage and tumor formation.
In humans, application of these extracts to the skin of healthy subjects reduces susceptibility to erythema arising from acute exposure to uvR. Many of the protective effects of sulforaphane are due to the potent ability of the isothiocyanate to activate transcription factor Nrf2, and are lost in cells and animals that are Nrf2-deficient. In addition, sulforaphane provides Nrf2-independent protection, such as suppression of NFkB signaling and direct inhibition of the activity of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in uvR-mediated skin damage and carcinogenesis.
Thus, sulforaphane provides a paradigm for a dietary small molecule indirect antioxidant which plays a multifaceted role in protection against the damaging effects of oxidative stress and inflammation.
Mechanism of protective effect of sulforaphane against radiation–induced lung injury in mice
Conclusion: Sulforaphane effectively alleviates the RILI in lung of mice by downregulating the expressions of inflammatory factor NLRP3.
Our study focuses on the design and testing of melanoma-prevention strategies for use in high-risk populations. Individuals who have germline loss-of-function (LOF) mutations at the highly polymorphic MC1R locus are at 4-fold increased risk for melanoma. Much of this increase likely arises from the loss of MC1R-mediated upregulation of antioxidant, DNA repair, pigment synthesis and anti-apoptotic pathways that protect epidermal melanocytes from the mutagenic effects of uv radiation. We have found that the natural product sulforaphane (SF) protects normal human melanocytes in culture from uv–induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in the absence of MC1R stimulation by its ligand α-MSH. This led us to propose that SF might be useful for protecting the skin of human subjects with LOF MC1R mutations from the harmful effects of uv light. We have sequenced MC1R in volunteers both with and without the red hair phenotype that is typical for humans with LOF mutations.
Sequencing was necessary in all volunteers because many individuals with heterozygous LOF mutations do not have the signature pigmentary phenotype, but are still at increased (2-fold) risk for melanoma. Shave biopsies were harvested from those with either wild-type MC1R or two LOF alleles. The epidermal tissues were treated ex vivo with uv and/or SF then analyzed histologically and by qPCR. We found that SF ameliorated many of the effects of uv radiation in tissues from donors with LOF MC1R. This study demonstrates the promise of SF as an agent for protection of human skin in individuals with high-risk MC1R genotypes from the harmful effects of uv radiation.
Conclusion: SFN protected LECs and delayed cataractogenesis in SCR, and exercised its activity by enhancing Prdx6 expression through Nrf2 activation. This study may provide a basis for new dietary strategies to delay oxidative injury.
Our interest in the natural product sulforaphane (SF) began with studies of patients at high risk for melanoma. Germline loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the highly polymorphic melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R), confers a 4-fold increased risk for melanoma. Much of this increase arises from the loss of MC1R-mediated upregulation of antioxidant, pigment synthesis, DNA repair and anti-apoptotic pathways that protect epidermal melanocytes from the mutagenic effects of uv radiation. We have found that SF (likely due to its antioxidant activity) protects both normal human melanocytes, and the skin of human subjects with LOF MC1R mutations, from the harmful effects of uv light. Shave biopsies were harvested from donors with either wild-type MC1R or two LOF alleles. The epidermal tissues were treated ex vivo with uv and/or SF then analyzed histologically and by qPCR. Our results showed that SF provides significant protection from uv to both melanocytes and skin.
We found also that the antioxidant protein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) was significantly induced by SF. In order to explore the role of TR1 in protecting melanocytes from uv–induced damage, we have created a human melanocyte cell line that expresses a micro RNA which targets TR1. These cells display increased sensitivity to the effects of uv and differential processing of the pigment synthesis protein tyrosinase.
This study demonstrates the promise of SF as an agent for protection of human skin in individuals with high-risk MC1R genotypes from the effects of uv light, and highlights the role of TR1 in this process.
ultraviolet (uv) radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. skin cancer is an escalating yet potentially preventable disease. Direct DNA damage, oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation all participate in skin tumor development, but the magnitude of their contributions depends on uv wavelength. These detrimental processes are counteracted by a family of intrinsic cytoprotective proteins (e.g., glutathione transferases, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 [NQO1], heme oxygenase 1) whose gene expression can be upregulated by small molecules (inducers) via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway.
Syzygium cumini (jamun) seed
The radioprotective activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of jamun seeds (SCE) was studied in mice exposed to different doses of gamma radiation. The mice were injected with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 or 160 mg/kg body weight of SCE, before exposure to 10 Gy of gamma radiation, to select the optimum dose of radiation protection. The 80 mg/kg SCE was found to offer highest protection, therefore, further studies were carried out using this dose.
The drug was more effective when administered through the intraperitoneal route at equimolar doses than the oral route. Since higher survival was observed for the i.p. route (50%), than the oral route (29.2%), all other studies were carried out by injecting SCE intraperitoneally. The mice treated with 80 mg/kg body weight SCE intraperitoneally before exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 Gy of gamma radiation showed reduction in the symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality at all exposure doses and caused a significant increase in the animal survival when compared with the concurrent double distilled water (DDW) + irradiation group. The SCE treatment protected mice against the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow deaths and the DRF was found to be 1.24.
Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and fruit extract attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetic rats
Conclusion: The present research revealed that both jamun fruit and seeds have potent prophylactic role against hyperglycemia. In this respect, diet based regimen may be tailored using jamun fruit/seed and their extracts to alleviate hyperglycemia.
The effects of various concentrations (0.0, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) of the leaf extract of Syzygium cumini Linn. or Eugenia cumini (SC; black plum, Jamun, family Myrtaceae) was studied on the alteration in the radiation–induced micronuclei formation in the cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. treatment of lymphocytes to various concentrations of SC resulted in a dose dependent increase in the micronuclei-induction, especially after 25–100 μg/ml extract. The exposure of human lymphocytes to various concentrations of SC extract before 3 Gy γ-irradiation resulted in a significant decline in the micronuclei-induction at all the drug doses when compared with the non-drug treated irradiated cultures. A nadir in MNBNC frequency was observed for 12.5 μg/ml drug concentration, where the MNBNC frequency was approximately fourfold lower than that of the non-drug treated irradiated cultures. Therefore, this dose may be considered as an optimum dose for radiation protection.
Our study demonstrates that the leaf extract of S. cumini, a plant traditionally used to treat diabetic disorders protects against the radiation–induced DNA damage.
The radioprotective property of 50 mg/kg body weight jamun (Syzygium cumini) extract was studied in the cultured splenocytes of mice exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Gy of γ-radiation. The spleens of irradiated mice were removed aseptically and the splenocytes were extracted from the individual spleens and cultured. The micronuclei were prepared 72 hours after irradiation in binucleate splenocytes by blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B. irradiation of mice resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the micronucleated splenocytes. The exposure of mice not only elevated splenocytes bearing one micronucleus but also cells bearing 2 and multiple (>2) micronuclei indicating induction of complex DNA damage after irradiation.
Oral treatment of mice with 50 mg/kg body weight of jamun leaf extract protected against the radiation–induced micronuclei formation. Jamun extract also protected against the formation of 2 and multiple micronuclei indicating repair or inhibition of complex DNA damage. The assessment of lipid peroxidation in mice brain homogenate has indicated a concentration dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation by jamun extract. Studies in a cell free system revealed that jamun extract inhibited the formation of OH, O2−, DPPH, and ABTS+ free radicals in a concentration dependent manner.
Our study demonstrates that jamun extract protected mice against the radiation–induced DNA damage and inhibition of radiation–induced free radical formation may be one of the mechanisms of radioprotection.
effect of 50 mg/kg body weight of leaf extract of jamun (Syzygium Cumini Linn. Skeels) was studied on the radiation–induced changes in the jejunum of mice exposed to 7, 10 or 15 Gy γ– radiation on day 1, 3 and 7 days post-irradiation. Histological examination of mouse jejunum on day 1, 3 or 7 revealed a dose dependent increase in the radiation–induced damage after exposure to 7, 10 or 15 Gy.
Terminalia chebula
radiation protection by Terminalia chebula: some mechanistic aspects
radioprotective ability of the aqueous extract of the fruit of Terminalia chebula (TCE) was evaluated for its antioxidant and radioprotective abilities. TCE (50 μg) was able to neutralise 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, a stable free radical by 92.9%. The free radical neutralizing ability of TCE was comparable to that of ascorbate (100 μM) 93.5% and gallic acid (100 μM) 91.5% and was higher than that of the diethyldithiocarbamate (200 μM) 55.4%, suggesting the free radical activity of TCE. TCE protected the plasmid DNA pBR322 from undergoing the radiation–induced strand breaks. radiation damage converts the supercoiled form (ccc) of plasmid to open circular form (oc); the presence of TCE during radiation exposure protected the plasmid from undergoing these damages.
The administration of TCE (80 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) prior to whole body irradiation of mice (4 Gy) resulted in a reduction of peroxidation of membrane lipids in the mice liver as well as a decrease in radiation–induced damage to DNA, as assayed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). TCE also protected the human lymphocytes from undergoing the gamma radiation–induced damage to DNA exposed in vitro to 2 Gy gamma–radiation. These results suggest the radioprotective ability of TCE.
Aqueous extract of a natural herb, Terminalia chebula was tested for potential antioxidant activity by examining its ability to inhibit γ–radiation–induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and damage to superoxide dismutase enzyme in rat liver mitochondria. The antimutagenic activity of the extract has been examined by following the inhibition of γ–radiation–induced strand breaks formation in plasmid pBR322 DNA. In order to understand the phytochemicals responsible for this, HPLC analysis of the extract was carried out, which showed the presence of compounds such as ascorbate, gallic acid and ellagic acid. This was also confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The extract inhibits xanthine/xanthine oxidase activity and is also an excellent scavenger of DPPH radicals. The rate at which the extract and its constituents scavenge the DPPH radical was studied by using stopped-flow kinetic spectrometer.
Based on all these results it is concluded that the aqueous extract of T. chebula acts as a potent antioxidant and since it is able to protect cellular organelles from the radiation–induced damage, it may be considered as a probable radioprotector.
The development of Terminalia chebula Retz.(Combretaceae) in clinical research
Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), is called the ‘King of medicine’ in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of ‘Ayurvedic Materia Medica’ because of its extraordinary power of healing. The whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings. Some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment of asthma, sore throat, vomiting, hiccough, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles, ulcers, gout, heart and bladder diseases. The plant has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, radioprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritic, anticaries, gastrointestinal motility and wound healing activity. But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula, a popular herbal remedy in India and South-East Asia has so far been reported.
This review highlights an updated information particularly on the phytochemistry and various pharmacological and medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. and some of its isolated compounds, along with their safety evaluation. This may provide incentive for proper evaluation of the plant as medicinal agent against the human diseases and also to bridge the lacunae in the existing literature and future scope which may offer immense opportunity for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and development of safe and effective botanical medicine.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the radioprotective effect of Terminalia chebula Retzius extract against γ-irradiation–induced oxidative stress in rats. Major phenolic compounds such as total phenolics, flavonoids and triterpenoids contents of Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) were measured. potential antioxidant activity of TCE was tested by free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) using 1,1,2,2-diphenyl-p-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant power (TAP) using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity (MCA) and inhibition of DNA damage of plasmid (pBR322). In vitro studies showed that TCE possesses potential antioxidant activity and protected plasmid DNA against breakage induced by Fenton reactants. Endogenous spleen colony forming unit (CFU) assay, DNA damage using rat peripheral blood by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) and intestinal histopathological studies in rats were performed in order to find the radioprotective effect of TCE. Animals were divided into various groups and pretreated with TCE (80 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) for 5 days prior to whole body γ-irradiation.
The results showed that TCE administration prior to γ-irradiation significantly enhanced the CFU counts, reduced radiation–induced cellular DNA damage and gastrointestinal cell death. The results suggested that TCE is able to protect from γ-irradiation–induced oxidative stress and may considered as probable radioprotector.
Tinospora cordifolia
Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia inhibited Fenton (FeSO4) reaction and radiation mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation in a dose dependent fashion with an IC50 value of 700µg/ml for both Fenton and radiation mediated 2-DR degradation. Similarly, it showed a moderate but dose dependent inhibition of chemically generated superoxide anion at 500 µg/ml concentration and above with an IC50 value of 2000 µg/ml. Aqueous extract inhibited the formation of Fe2+-bipiridyl complex and formation of comet tail by chelating Fe2+ ions in a dose dependent manner with an IC50 value of 150 µg/ml for Fe2+ –bipirydyl formation and maximally 200 µg/ml for comet tail formation, respectively. The extract inhibited ferrous sulphate mediated lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 1300 µg/ml and maximally (70%) at 2000 µg/ml. The results reveal that the direct and indirect antioxidant actions of T. cordifalia probably act in corroboration to manifest the overall radioprotective effects.
effects of Tinospora cordifolia on macrophage function: a possible role in radioprotection
A hydroalcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia was earlier evaluated in our laboratory for its radioprotective properties and was found to provide 76 percent survival in lethally irradiated strain A mice. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Tinospora cordifolia on various macrophage functions.
The present study was performed to evaluate the deleterious effects of gamma radiation on testicular tissue and their possible inhibition by Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCE). For this purpose, Swiss albino male mice were selected from an inbred colony and divided into four groups. Group I (normal) was administered double distilled water volume equal to TCE (75 mg/kg.b.wt/animal) by oral gavage. Group II was supplemented TCE as 75 mg/kg.b.wt once daily for 5 consecutive days. Group III (irradiated control) divided into three sub groups a, b and c, received DDW orally equivalent to TCE for 5 days then exposed to 2.5, 5 and 7.5 Gy gamma radiation, respectively. Group IV (irradiated experimental) was administered TCE and exposed to gamma radiation (as in group III).
Animals from all the above mentioned groups were necropsied at various post-treatment intervals between 12 hrs and 30 days. Following radiation exposure, the spermatogonial population and spermatid counts decreased incessantly in a dose-dependent manner (2.5<5.0<7.5 Gy) from 12 hrs to 7th day post-irradiation but thereafter a statically significant increase in the number of spermatogonia was recorded however but the normal counts could not be obtained even by the last autopsy interval. In contrast, TCE pre-treatment resulted in the increased counts of all the types of spermatogenic cells as well as spermatids as compared to the irradiated controls, but the normal score could not be achieved in none of the group except that irradiated to 2.5 Gy gamma rays. Furthermore, these animals showed a significant restoration in radiation–induced elevated level of LPO, glutathione and catalase activity in testes at all the dose levels.
These observations indicate that the TCE can be use as an efficient radio-protector against radiation mediated testicular injuries in mammals.
Tremella fuciformis Berk extract
WTF-B, a type of water-soluble homogeneous polysaccharide, was isolated and purified from Tremella Fuciformis. To investigate the radioprotective effect of WTF-B, we employed a 30-day survival assay. Mice were treated with WTF-B once per day for three consecutive days before 8-Gy gamma irradiation. The treatment groups receiving 54 and 72 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of WTF-B showed 50% survival post-irradiation.
A kind of water-soluble homogeneous polysaccharide named as TFB was isolated and purified from Tremella Fuciformis by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Sephadex G-150. Its chemical and physical characteristics was determined by chemical methods, gas chromatography, mass spectrum and size exclusion chromatography. Colony-forming unit of spleen(CFU-S), number of nucleated cells in bone marrow (BMNC) and spleen index were adopted to investigate the effect on hematopoietic function of TFB at 6 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg in mice irradiated with 7.5 Gy {sup 137}Cs {gamma}-rays.
The hemopoietic function of bone marrow stroma in five strains of mice was evaluated by the subcutaneous implantation method. The numbers of nucleated cells and of CFU-S in bone marrow grafted 615 and C3HA mice were significantly higher than those in Icr/Jcl, LACA and Kunmin mice. No difference was found in the numbers of nucleated cells and CFU-S in implanted femur marrow from mice of various ages. Owing to the suppression of HVG reaction by radiation, the growth of stroma in implanted femur marrow was significantly improved in irradiated hosts. The regeneration of hemopoiesis in implanted femur marrow was closely related to the reestablishment of a sinusoidal system and the amount of fibroblast and fat cells. Using this subcutaneous implantation method the radioprotective effect of AET, 5HT and tremella fuciformis Berk on murine bone marrow stroma was clearly demonstrated.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A was shown to reduce the toxicity of whole body x irradiation in C3H and Swiss mice. Vitamin A mixed with Purina Laboratory Chow (150,000 IU/kg) was administered to the experimental groups for 3 days prior to exposure to 550 cGy of whole body radiation from a 60 Cobalt source. control groups submitted to the same radiation had no supplementary Vitamin A in the chow. survival time of the animals fed Vitamin A was significantly longer and the post-radiation depletion of platelets and white blood cells was much less marked than in the controls. It is suggested that Vitamin A exerts a protective effect against certain manifestations of radiation toxicity
radioprotective effects of vitamin A against gamma radiation in mouse bone marrow cells
Radio protectors by neutralizing the effects of free radicals, reduce the destructive effects of radiation. In this protocol article, the radioprotectory effect of vitamin A on micronuclei induced by gamma radiation was evaluated using micronucleus test. Vitamin A was injected intraperitoneally at 100 and 400 mg/kg two hours before 2 Gray (Gy) of gamma radiation. Animals were sacrificed after 24 h, and then specimens of the bone marrow were smeared and stained. The number of micronuclei were counted in polychromatic cells. Both dosage of vitamin A reduced the micronucleus in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE) level, which is statistically significant. The appropriate amount of vitamin A for protection in mice is 100 mg/kg, which protect the bone marrow of mice against clastogenic effects of radiation.
The results of the study showed that vitamin A, possibly with an antioxidant mechanism, eliminates the effects of free radicals from ionizing radiation on bone marrow cells and reduces genetic damage.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the combination of vitamin A and magnesium sulfate, possibly with an antioxidant mechanism, removes the deleterious effects of free radicals caused by ionizing radiation on bone marrow cells.
effects of total irradiation in low dose at the state of rat mail reproductive system, lipid peroxidation processes and antioxidant system in rat blood and liver tissues as well as radioprotective capacity of beta-carotin with vitamin A, C and E complexes were investigated. It was established that injection of this substances to rat’s organism one day before irradiation in 1.0 Gy dose led to normalization of spermatogenic cells number, increase of nucleic acids content in testes and significant improvement of antioxidant status of blood and liver tissue.
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of vitamin A and/or selenium treatments prior to whole-body irradiation in mice. This was obtained the radioprotective effect of vitamin A and selenium by evaluation of DNA damage levels in mice spleen and blood after irradiation. Six-week-old ICR male mice were administrated with vitamin A(low dose : 3.0 mg/kg, high dose : 12mg/kg) and/or selenium( low dose : 0.5 mg/kg, high dose : 2.0 mg/kg) orally once a day for 6 days and then irradiated with 8.0 Gy of {gamma}-ray.
Vitamin C
A radioprotective effect of vitamin C observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Vitamin C at high concentrations was found to inhibit the growth of CHO clone A cells in culture. It had a radioprotective effect, giving a maximum increase in cell survival of a factor of seven under the experimental conditions used. The protective effect was mainly but not exclusively attributable to an increase in the D0, the maximum increase observed being the order of 1.4.
Conclusion: We conclude that simultaneous administration of melatonin and vitamin C as radioprotector substances before irradiation may reduce genotoxicity caused by x-ray irradiation.
To investigate the radioprotective effect of the combination of famotidine and vitamin C against radiation–induced micronucleus formation in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes, various doses of famotidine or vitamin C or combinations thereof were administered intraperitoneally to adult male NMRI mice 2 h before 2 and 4 Gy γ-irradiation. The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs) was scored in 5,000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), and the cell proliferation ratio [PCE/(PCE + NCE); NCE = normochromatic erythrocytes] was also calculated for each treatment group. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA test. The results show that pretreatment with various doses of famotidine and vitamin C before γ-irradiation significantly reduced the frequency of MnPCEs with a protection factor (PF) of 2 and 1.7, respectively. pretreatment with vitamin C also significantly increased the cell proliferation ratio, while famotidine had no effect.
Combination of famotidine and vitamin C was more effective in reducing MnPCEs than each compound alone, leading to a PF of 4.3 after irradiation. cell proliferation ratio was also significantly improved by the combination compared with the irradiated control groups. Both famotidine and vitamin C are potent scavengers of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, especially OH·. The combination of the two compounds probably further enhances this activity, thus leading to high bone marrow protection.
Vitamin E
Evaluation of radioprotective effect of vitamin E in salivary dysfunction in irradiated rats
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of vitamin E in salivary gland function, as well as analyse the total protein concentration. For this purpose 90 male rats were used and randomly divided into five experimental groups: control (I), in which animals received olive oil solution but were not irradiated; irradiated–olive oil (II), in which animals received olive oil solution and were irradiated with a single exposure dose of 15 Gy of gamma rays to the head and neck region; irradiated (III), in which animals were only irradiated with a single exposure dose of 15 Gy of gamma rays; vitamin E (IV), in which animals received α tocopherol acetate solution but were not irradiated; irradiated–vitamin E (V), in which animals received α tocopherol acetate solution before irradiation with a single exposure dose of 15 Gy gamma rays.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of turmeric extract (40 mg/kg body weight) and vitamin E (α- tocopherol acetate, 400 IU/kg body weight) supplementation on lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and antioxidant defense enzymes in various organs like liver, kidney and salivary glands at 24 h in adult Swiss mice. 131Iodine exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation in kidney and salivary glands in comparison to control animals. Pre supplementation with turmeric extract for 15 days showed significant lowering of lipid peroxidation in kidney. On the other hand vitamin E pre supplementation showed marked reduction in lipid peroxidation in salivary glands. reduced glutathione levels decreased significantly in liver after radiation exposure.
However, pre supplementation with turmeric extract and vitamin E did not improve glutathione levels in liver. In conclusion, we have observed differential radioprotective effect of turmeric extract and vitamin E in kidney and salivary glands. However, Vitamin E seems to offer better radioprotection for salivary glands which is known to be the major site of cellular destruction after radioiodine therapy in patients.
Conclusion: Vitamin E exerts significant protective effects on the parotid and submandibular glands after 131I therapy.
Evaluation of high-dose vitamin E as a radioprotective agent.
Sixty male Spraque Dawley rats were randomly divided into six equal groups and given 0, 1500 rads (15 Gy), and 2000 rads (20 GY) whole thoracic irradiation from a cobalt-60 source via an anterior portal. Thirty animals received a 2.5% vitamin E diet for two weeks prior to irradiation and, in addition, each was given a single intraperitoneal injection of water-soluble alpha T (150 mg) four hours prior to irradiation. Serum vitamin E levels were 646 +/- 76 microgram/ml for vitamin E groups and 6.0 +/- 2.4 microgram/ml for controls. Comparison of the 180-day survival curves and histologic studies performed on the lungs and hearts of the surviving animals showed no statistically significant differences between the vitamin E and control group.
Significance: Our study findings suggest that G-CSF induced by DT3 mediates its radioprotective efficacy against ionizing radiation in mice.
radioprotective effect of vitamin E in parotid glands: a morphometric analysis in rats
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of vitamin E on rat parotid glands by morphometric analysis. Sixty male rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6): control, in which animals received olive oil solution; olive oil/irradiated, in which animals received olive oil and were irradiated with a dose of 15 Gy of gamma radiation; irradiated, in which animals were irradiated with a dose of 15 Gy gamma radiation; vitamin E, which received α-tocopherol acetate solution; vitamin E/irradiated, which received α-tocopherol acetate solution before irradiation with a dose of 15 Gy gamma rays.
Half of the animals were euthanized at 8 h, and the remaining at 30 days after irradiation. Both parotid glands were surgically removed and morphometric analysis of acinar cells was performed. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Morphometric analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of parotid acinar cells at 30 days in olive oil/irradiated and irradiated groups. In groups evaluated over time a significant reduction was shown at 30 days in olive oil/irradiated and irradiated groups, indicating that ionizing radiation caused tissue damage. The vitamin E/irradiated group presented more acinar cells than the irradiated group, but no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). In conclusion, vitamin E seems to have failed as a radioprotective agent on acinar cells in rat parotid glands.
Conclusion: The data suggest that ingestion of selenium and vitamin-E as a radioprotector substance before exposures may reduce genetic damage caused by x-rays irradiation.
Vitis vinifera L. leaves
The quantitative distribution of several flavan-3-ols was determined using HPLC in a grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract (GSE) of four cultivars grown in the region of Murcia. Polymer ≥ C4 units made up the largest group of procyanidins in the GSE (90.92%, expressed as HPLC % area). The antioxidant activity of GSE and other reference compounds was investigated by measuring their ability to scavenge the ABTS•+ radical cation (TEAC). The most effective compounds were, in order: GSE > rutin > (+)-catechin > diosmin ≥ ascorbic acid.
The red wine variety Vitis vinifera L. cv Tannat in recent years has gained relevance due to its high concentration of polyphenols, this could mean a protective role on the genome, reducing the formation of oxidative lesions.
The effects at the cellular level of ionizing radiation on targets such as DNA, components of signal transduction cascades, result in lethal, mutagenic and recombinogenic lesions and delays in the cell cycle.
effects of Vitis vinifera L. leaves extract on uv radiation damage in human keratinocytes (HaCaT)
Vitis vinifera L. water extract from red grapevine leaves contains high levels of polyphenols in quantities similar to those found in red grape and grape seeds. Phenolic compounds are the largest group of natural antioxidants with also an anti-inflammatory activity, widely demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, their antioxidant effect relies not only on the direct radical scavenging activity but also on their ability in modulating cellular signalling transduction pathways. uv radiation exerts multiple effects on skin cells inducing apoptosis, senescence and carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and the DNA protective potentials of Vitis vinifera L. water extract against uv-A and uv-B radiation in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocytes cell line.
Withania somnifera
Use of Withania somnifera Dunal as an adjuvAnt during radiation therapy.
Withania somnifera popularly known as Aswagandha is used in several indigenous drug preparations. Administration of a 75% methanolic extract of the plant was found to significantly increase the total WBC count in normal Balb/c mice and reduce the leucopenia induced by sublethal dose of gamma radiation. treatment with W. somnifera was found to increase the bone marrow cellularity significantly, the percentage increase being 146.3. treatment with W. somnifera had normalised the ratio of normochromatic erythrocytes and polychromatic erythrocytes in mice after the radiation exposure. Major activity of W. somnifera seemed to be in the stimulation of stem cell proliferation.
protective effect of Withania somnifera against radiation–induced hepatotoxicity in rats
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of root extract of Withania somnifera (WS) against gamma–irradiation–induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in hepatic tissue after whole body gamma–irradiation. Fourty male albino rats were divided into four groups. In the control group, rats were administered vehicle by tube for 7 consecutive days. The second group were administered WS (100 mg/kg, by gavage) for 7 consecutive days. Animals in the third group were administered vehicle by tube for 7 consecutive days, then exposed to single dose gamma–irradiation (6 Gy). The fourth group received WS for 7 consecutive days, one hour later rats were exposed to gamma–irradiation.
irradiation hepatotoxicity was manifested biochemically by an increase in hepatic serum enzymes, significant elevation in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitrate/nitrite NO(x), significant increase in heme oxygenase activity (HO-1), as well as a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) in hepatic tissues. Marked DNA damage was observed. WS pretreatment showed significant decrease in serum hepatic enzymes, hepatic NO(x) and MDA levels and DNA damage, significant HO-1 induction and significant increase in SOD, GSHPx activities and GSH content compared to irradiated group.
These observations suggest that WS could be developed as a potential preventive drug for ionizing irradiation induced hepatotoxicity disorders via enhancing the antioxidant activity and induction of HO-1.
Yeast polysaccharides
When cells of bakers’ yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were irradiated with ionizing radiation, inorganic phosphate, ninhydrin-reactive material, and substances absorbing at 260 mμ were released into the suspending medium. The amount of inorganic phosphate released depended on the radiation dose and on the temperature and pH during irradiation. The concentration of yeast cells did not affect the phosphate yield per milligram of yeast. It is suggested that the release of phosphate may serve as an index of the total radiation environment (i.e., as a biodosimeter) where radiation inactivation of microrganisms is of primary importance, e.g., in radiation preservation of foods. The somewhat limited range of the yeast biodosimeter (ca. 0.5 to 1.75 Mrad) may be extended by use of other more resistant microorganisms, such as bacterial spores.
Compounds which have been reported as protecting microorganisms and mammals against the lethal effect of ionizing radiation also inhibited the radiation–induced release of inorganic phosphate from yeast. This phosphate release system is proposed as the basis for an economical, rapid supplement to screening procedures in the evaluation of radioprotective compounds.
Stimulatory granulocytic-macrophagal compartment and radioprotective effect of yeast mannan
The effect of mannan polysaccharide on the haemopoiesis recovery in irradiated mice has been investigated. Mannan has been shown to exert both the protective and the stimulatory effect: it accelerates restoration of femur bone marrow cellularity and nucleate cell number in the peripheral blood and causes a larger initial yield ans ubsequent more rapid postirradiation dynamics of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells and precursor cells of granulocytes and macrophages
On the radioprotective action of cystamine at the yeast cell membrane
The dithiol, cystamine, affords marked protection against the effects of X-irradiation on potassium leakage from baker’s yeast cells. Little protection is afforded under the same conditions against irradiation–induced inhibition of colony formation. Analysis of the binding of cystamine to the cell surface shows that the agent does not penetrate to the cell interior. This is considered to account for the lack of protection of cell growth mechanisms. Furthermore, the cystamine can be largely displaced from the cell surface by competition with the bivalent cations, manganous and calcium. Yet, the radioprotection against changes in K+ leakage rates was identical whether 99% or only 30% of the binding sites were occupied by cystamine.
This suggests that its mode of action may be mediated largely by radical scavenging in the medium or immediate environs of the membrane, and establishes that binding is not essential for radioprotection in this system.
Zataria multiflora
The radioprotective effect of hydroalcholic Zataria multiflora (Avishan–e shirazi) extract was investigated against genotoxicity induced by γ irradiation in human lymphocytes. Peripheral blood samples were collected from human volunteers and incubated with Z. multiflora extract at different concentrations (5, 10, and 50 μg/mL) for 1 hour. At each dose point, the whole blood was exposed in vitro to 150 cGy of cobalt-60 γ irradiation, and then the lymphocytes were cultured with mitogenic stimulation to determine number of the micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cells. The treatment of lymphocytes with extract showed a significant decrease in the incidence of micronuclei binucleated cells, compared with similarly irradiated lymphocytes without extract against γ irradiation. The maximum protection and decrease in frequency of micronuclei was observed at 50 μg/mL of Zataria extract by 32% reduction. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of extract showed that it contains high amounts of thymol. Zataria extract exhibited concentration-dependent radical-scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radicals.
These data have an important application for the protection of human lymphocyte from the genetic damage and side-effects induced by γ irradiation in personnel exposed to radiation.
The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Zataria multiflora boiss essential oils (ZEOs), ultraviolet (uv) radiation and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes biofilm in a simulated industrial model (SIM). The effect of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MIC concentration of ZEOs, different contact time of uv and their combination was evaluated in a SIM on 6- and 12-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilm. In a SIM, 0.3% ZEOs were adequate to completely eliminate 6- and 12-day-old biofilm grown on stainless steel coupons. The population of viable L. monocytogenes biofilm cells under a 15- to 45-min contact time of uv treatment declined significantly at 6- and 12-day-old biofilm. The combined effect of ZEO and uv showed antagonist effects.
These findings indicated that in the single use, ZEO and uv revealed a suitable antilisteria biofilm activity, while combining them is not a promising method to remove listeria biofilms from stainless steel surfaces.
Radiosensitization effects of a Zataria multiflora extract on human glioblastoma cells
Conclusion: These data show selective radiosensitization effects of ZM in A172 cells apparently due to increased radiation–induced apoptosis.
Ziziphus zizyphus extract
The present work was carried out in order to evaluate the biological activities of some natural antioxidants such as ziziphus and olive leaves extract as radioprotective agents on male albino rats treated with gamma irradiation. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of ziziphus and olive leaves have high content of phenolic and flavonoid compound.
This study shows to what extent treatment with Ziziphus mauritiana Lam can ameliorate the hazards induced by exposing animals to EMW with a frequency of 950 MHz and 4 Gy single dose of gamma ionizing radiation in serum and liver tissue. Rats were segregated into six groups control, EMW, whole body γ- irradiation, EMW followed by γ-irradiation and EMW followed by Ziziphus extract then exposed to γ-irradiation groups. irradiation with 4 Gy γ- rays significantly increased the levels of serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) activities; with substantial reductions in liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while lipid peroxides as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70), nuclear Factor κB (NFkB) and tumor suppressor protein (P53) levels significantly increased in liver tissue after EMW or ionizing radiation exposure.
Electromagnetic radiations are energies that can be classified as non-ionizing and ionizing. This type of energy is propagated by a material medium and the vacuum. The important characteristic of ionizing radiation is the localized release of large amounts of energy. The biological effects of radiation result principally from damage to DNA, which is the critical target. Given these harmful effects caused by radiation highlights the importance of acquiring knowledge about the radioprotective substance, because they act to protect the living tissue, decreasing the damage he caused by the effects of radiation.
In this study we investigated the radioprotective effect of extract hydroalcoholic of Ziziphus joazeiro and Anacardium occidentale on embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata.
α-lipoic acid
A novel conjugate of melatonin 2 and α-lipoic acid 4 has been prepared using DCC mediated coupling. The conjugate named melatoninolipoamide has been assigned its structure 1 on the basis of spectral analysis (uv, IR, NMR, and EI-MS). Pulse radiolysis studies of the conjugate were carried out in aqueous solutions with both oxidizing and reducing radicals. The results indicate that the melatonin moiety of the conjugate reacts preferably with oxidizing radicals and the lipoic acid moiety exhibits preferential reaction with reducing radicals.
The in vitro radioprotection ability of 1 was examined by γ-radiation induced lipid peroxidation in liposomes and hemolysis of erythrocytes, and compared the results with those of melatonin and α-lipoic acid. The studies suggest that the conjugate can be explored as a probable radioprotector.
radioprotection by α-lipoic acid palladium complex formulation (POLY-MVA) in mice
The dietary supplement, POLY-MVA, containing palladium α-lipoic acid complex was examined for its efficacy as a radioprotector in mice exposed to whole-body γ-radiation. Oral administration of POLY-MVA enhanced endogenous spleen colony formation in animals exposed to a sublethal dose of 6 Gy γ-radiation. Alkaline comet assay revealed that the nuclear DNA comet parameters such as percent DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment, and olive tail moment, of the bone marrow cells and spleen cells, were found increased following whole-body γ-irradiation. The radiation–induced DNA damage in these cells was reduced when POLY-MVA was administered to animals exposed to a lethal dose of 8 Gy whole-body γ-radiation. The administration of POLY-MVA significantly reduced the γ-radiation–induced mortality and also aided recovery from the radiation–induced loss of body weight in mice surviving after 8 Gy γ-radiation exposure.
These results suggest the potential use of POLY-MVA as a radioprotector in cases of planned radiation exposures.
exposure to high-energy particle radiation (HZE) may cause oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in the same manner that seen in aged mice. This phenomenon has raised the concerns about the safety of an extended manned mission into deep space where a significant portion of the radiation burden would come from HZE particle radiation.
The present study aimed at investigating the role of α-lipoic acid against space radiation–induced oxidative stress and antioxidant status in cerebellum and its correlation with cognitive dysfunction.
4 reviews for FORCE FIELD : EMF / Radiation Blocker 200:1
Related products
-
INTERSTELLAR SHILAJIT
$100.00 -
SEVEN SAGES 50:1 – 7 Unique Blends For The 7 Days Of Week
$250.00 – $350.00 -
LUTEOLIN
$275.00 -
INTERSTELLAR MATCHA
$75.00 – $250.00 -
APIGENIN 200:1
$275.00
Ama –
“Force Field EMF Protection & Radiation Blocker IS the most PERFECT Interstellar blend yet!! The synergy of plants in this formula is unmatched anywhere else on the market. I’m truly impressed.
I’ve drank blends 12 months and researched pathways for EMF radiation protection for years now meaning I’ve experimented a LOT with nutraceuticals for the purposes of reducing cytokine flares & neuralgia that happen when exposed to higher ranges of electromagnetic pollution.
I became aware of this legitimate health concern when one of our insurance clients won a disability case for EMF sensitivity back in 2005.
NIH/WHO/CDC studies re: viral infections activating between 40-60hz fields (which all modern Wi-Fi emits) were available then and researchers have no doubts now that EMF pollution is a modern health concern.
Anyone who is immunocompromised or fighting neurological disease can be impacted much quicker than healthy bodies. I realized this meant the only alternative was to train the body to adapt and fortify against these frequencies because they are all around us 24/7.
Currently I’m residing in a Tavistock Smart Community that’s emitting wireless signals everywhere & having symptoms again so I was very excited to order this.
I combined with the blend potentiator & Rewire the first few weeks 3x a day in espresso or matcha.
Immediately noticed a reduction in tinnitus & skin electrical shocks/burning sensations. Joint/jaw aches disappeared. Attention & focus is aligned. A lot less “what did I walk in this room for?” moments.
I’d also struggled with appetite & digestion since moving in and suddenly I felt famished after the first few doses. Ate a simple Mediterranean meal of dates, olives, greens in lemon juice with fresh grilled fish & sage tea then fell into a deep 18 hour sleep while my body reset to the blends as I’d also taken a month break from using any. I practice 22/2 for blood sugar regulation as normal routine.
The next morning I woke with so much energy I headed straight to the gym. The lethargy lifted. I have energy flowing in my muscles & fascia again. The white hairs around my hairline returned to dark brown which might be the freakiest visible effect!!
Mentally/Emotionally the debilitating anxiety/racing mind + heart palpitations are stable and calm. I had a major test with a professional confrontation & remained like A FORCE FIELD while they tried hard to psychologically rattle me.
It was like GOD SOURCE spoke through me as I easily buffered their manipulations with a quiet strong presence of TRUTH where it was CLEAR to them they couldn’t even try causing distress.
Agent Smiths beware because this blend is like drinking the moment Neo cracked the matrix & transmuted all the negativity into Light.
Force Field knows how to CODE intelligently & help us find homeostasis in the digital insanity.”
Rich Ryan –
Another great blend from Interstellar!
I spend a lot of time in front of computers, and live in a city full of WiFi routers and Cell Phone towers and repeaters everywhere.
All of that intense EMF causes degradation of the DNA, immune system damage, inflammation, and saps the body of vital energy.
Our bodies can withstand a certain amount of EMF without too much detriment, especially if our bodies haven’t been polluted with nano-metals from a certain mandated and encouraged “safe and effective” bad thingy, but either way there’s a lot of EMF pollution in today’s world, and our bodies need a little help.
To mitigate this, I’ve been wearing EMF clothing at night for awhile, and it does help me sleep better. EMF interferes with melatonin production. However, I don’t want to wear my EMF hoodie all day everyday, so another solution is needed.
Force Field blend is that solution.
Immediately upon taking it (I did a big 1tsp dose to start), I felt incredibly calm and peaceful. It was as if I was suddenly out in the woods and all the birds started singing at the same time. Being in the city carries a certain amount of subconscious stress that we all acclimate to. Force Field cancelled out most of that stress and my body felt at peace.
I also felt a soft focus and attention come into my brain, which is good for me at night as I tend to get distracted with computer stuff and stay up way too late.
I decided to start taking Force Field everyday in the early evening, to help with melatonin production and rest. And even though Force Field is not a big anti-depression blend like Trinity, nor a big workout and energy blend like SuperNova, my body started yearning for it.
I subconsciously started looking forward to the moment when I could finally prepare that shot of Force Field and swig it down at the end of a long day. Whether it’s an EMF protecting blend or a meditation blend, I can’t quite decide. Maybe both.
I definitely felt calmer and more focused and healthy the month that I was on Force Field (I started with a sample). And slept better too. Time to order more!
So Bravo! This one’s a keeper!
Lori Lines –
I can’t express how grateful I am for discovering Force Field by Interstellar Blends. In this age of constant connectivity and the relentless presence of electronics in our lives, I often found myself overwhelmed by the invisible EMF radiation that surrounds us. But ever since I incorporated Force Field into my daily routine, it’s been a game-changer for my overall well-being.
From the moment I started using Force Field, I noticed an immediate shift in how I felt throughout the day. The constant undercurrent of stress and tension that I used to associate with city living, with its abundance of WiFi signals and cell towers, suddenly began to dissipate. It’s like a protective shield enveloping me, allowing me to move through the modern world with a newfound sense of calm and tranquility.
One of the most remarkable effects I’ve experienced is a boost in focus and concentration, especially during those late-night work sessions in front of the computer. Instead of feeling scattered and distracted, I now find myself fully engaged and productive. But perhaps the most significant change has been in my sleep quality. Force Field’s support for melatonin production has helped me achieve a deeper, more restorative sleep, leaving me feeling refreshed and energized each morning.
In a world where EMF radiation is an unavoidable part of daily life, Force Field has become my trusted ally. It’s not just a supplement; it’s a force of nature that helps me create a protective barrier against the digital onslaught. Thanks to Force Field, I feel more balanced, focused, and resilient as I navigate the demands of the modern world. It’s a product that truly makes a difference, and I couldn’t recommend it more highly.
Lynn Montecalvo –
Since starting Force Field EMF Radiation Blocker I’ve actually noticed that it helps w anti inflammatory results in my joints , anti aging in my skin due to the anti oxidant affects and I noticed I don’t get sunburnt as much on my motorcycle rides ! I use zinc 50 sunscreen and I get nicely tanned instead of pink ! I can’t say that I feel the radiation blocking affects of Force Field but I know it must be working based on the other great results!! I’ve always been worried about 5G damage and now I feel much better about it taking Force Field !